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Friday, 6 October 2017

Woman Sexual Arousal And Sexual Dysfunction Types








William Masters and Virginia Johnson were the first researchers to examine extensively the physical components of human sexual arousal.

They recorded four stages of sexual response as following :

  • Excitement
  • Plateau
  • Climax (Orgasm)
  • Resolution

Sexual arousal can be described as horny, turned on, randy, steamy and lustful.Sexual Arousal is the arousal of sexual desire during sexual activity.Sexual arousal in human reaches its climax during an orgasm.Mental stimuli, physical stimuli, and the internal fluctuation of hormones influence sexual arousal.Erotic stimuli is things that precipitate human sexual arousal.Every woman differs in sexual interest, response, and expression.The feeling of woman about sexuality can change according to circumtances and life stages.

    One model suggests three stages of sexual response, such as :
    • Desire
    • Arousal
    • Orgasm.


    I. Woman Arousal



    Woman arousal will respond body in sexual tissues, including nipples, vulva, clitoris, vaginal walls, and vaginal lubrication.Normally a woman is aroused and excited sexually to experience the expansion of the blood vessels in the pelvic region, allowing more blood to flow to the lower abdomen and genitals.Some women notice this as a feeling of fullness in the pelvis.Transudation is a phenomenon of increasing blood flow.It refers to seepage of fluid through the blood vessels walls.The fluid seeps into the vagina to provide lubrication before and during intercourse.Lubrication of the vagina can occur very rapidly in a minute.


    * Woman Physiological Response

    Woman sexual arousal causes various physical responses, most significantly in the genital organs :

    • The vulva is wet
    • The labia are slightly engorged
    • Nipple erection
    • Lubrication of vaginal
    • Vasocongestion of the vaginal walls
    • Elevation of the cervix and uterus
    • Tumescence and erection of the clitoris and labia
    • Expansion of the inner 2/3 of the vagina
    • Change in shape, color, and size of the labia majora and labia minora
    • Pupil dilation


    * Woman Psychological Sexual Arousal

    Cognitive factors, such as sexual motivation, perceived gender role expectations, and sexual attitudes play important roles in woman sexual arousal.woman sexual arousal is higher than man.



    II. Sexual dysfunction (Sexual disorder)

    Sexual Dysfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, such as physical pleasure, desire preference, and orgasm.


    Woman Sexual Dysfunction has four types :

    • Low Sexual Desire is a lack of sexual interest or desire and willingness in having sex.
    • Sexual Arousal Disorder is difficulty to maintain arousal during sexual activity.
    • Orgasmic Disorder (Anorgasmia) is difficulty in achieving orgasm after sufficient sexual arousal and ongoing stimulation.
    • Sexual pain Disorder (Dyspareunia) is pain associated with sexual stimulation or vaginal contact.


    Causes of Woman Sexual Dysfunction
    • Physical : medical conditions, such as heart disease, cancer, kidney failure, bladder problem, multiple sclerosis and certain medications including antihistamines, chemotherapy drugs, blood pressure drugs, antidepressants.
    • Hormonal : lower the levels of estrogen after menopause that can cause changes in genital tissue and sexual responsiveness.
    • Psycological and social : untreated anxiety, depression, a history of sexual abuse, the worry of pregnancy, the conflict of partner, cultural and religious issues.


    Diagnosis of Woman Sexual Dysfunction

    To diagnose woman sexual dysfunction by doing some procedures or tests.

    • Physical Exam is an exam of the body to check general signs of health.
    • Pelvic Examination is to evaluate the health of the reproductive organs.
    • Pap Test is to detect changes in the cells of the cervix that may be cancer
    • Evaluation of person'attitude is about sex, past sexual trauma, anxiety, fear, alcohol, drug abuse, relationship problem.


    Treatment of Woman Sexual Dysfunction

    • Providing Education is to educate the anatomy of human, sexual function, sexual behaviors and responses and the normal changes due to aging.
    • Enhancing Stimulation uses erotic materials, masturbation and changes to sexual routines.
    • Distraction Techniques use erotic and non erotic fantasies, including video, music, exercises with intercourse.
    • Minimizing Pain in which allows woman to control the depth of penetration.
    • Hormone Replacement Therapy is to improve certain conditions, including the loss of vaginal lubrication, genital sensation, and loss of interest in sex.

    Wednesday, 4 October 2017

    Monkey : Type, Cage, Food, Socializing, And Training As A Pet






    A Monkey is dry- nosed (haplorhine) primate, a paraphyletic group generally possessing tail.Most species are active during the day.Some monkey species are tree-dwelling while others live on the savanna.Monkeys are an intelligent animals particularly Old World Monkeys.The face of Old World Monkeys are diffrent from the face of New World Monkeys.


    Two major Types of Monkey :
    • New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines) from South and Central America.They have prehensile tails.The monkeys have dichromatic and trichromatic color visions.New World Monkeys are small and tree-dwelling.
    • Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines) from Africa and Asia.They have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all.The monkeys have trichromatic color vision like human.Old World Monkeys are large, which live on the ground and in the tree.


    Some Types of Monkey as pets :

    • Capuchins 





    They are divided into Brown Pale-Fronted Capuchin (Cebus albifrons), White Faced Capuchin (Cebus capucinus), and Black Capped Capuchin (Cebus appella).

    Females are smaller than males.
    Lifespan of capuchin is about thirty five to forty five years.
    The weight of capuchin is about 1.8 to 6.8 kg (4 to 15 pounds).
    The length of capuchin body is about 30 to 55 cm (12 to 22 inches).
    The length of capuchin's tail is about 30 to 56 cm (12 to 22 inches).

    • Guenons



    They are divided into Green Monkey (C.aethiops), Grivet (C.aethiops sabaeus), Vervet (C. aethiops pygerythus).

    The lifespan of guenon is about twenty to twenty five years.
    The length of guenon body is about 46 to 66 cm (17.9 to 25.7 inches).
    The length of guenon's tail is about 50 to 72 cm (19.5 to 28.1 inches).
    The weight of guenon female is about 3.5 to 4.5 kg (7 to 9 pounds).
    The weight of guenon male is about  4 to 5 kg (9 to 10 pounds).

    • Squirrels



    Common Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
    The lifespan of squirrel is about fifteen to twenty five years.
    The length of squirrel body is about 31 cm (up to 12.5 inches).
    The length of squirrel's tail is about 40 cm (16 inches).
    The weight of squirrel female is about 650 grams (22.8 ounces).
    The weight of squirrel male is about 950 grams (33.3 ounces).

    • Spiders



    Brown-Headed Spider Monkey (Ateles fusciceps)
    The lifespan of spider is about thirty to thirty five years.
    The length of spider body is about 48 to 52 cm (19 to 20 inches).
    The length of spider's tail is about 70 to 78 cm (27 to 30 inches).
    The weight of spider is about 6 to 12 kg (13 to 25 pounds).


    • Tamarins
    They are divided into :

    * Cotton-Top Tamarin




    The lifespan of cotton-top tamarin is about fifteen years.
    The length of cotton-top tamarin body is about 200 to 290 mm (7.8 to 11.3 inches).
    The length of cotton-top tamarin's tail is about 310 to 420 mm (12.1 to 16.4 inches).
    The weight of cotton-top tamarin is about 350 to 450 grams (12.3 to 15.0 ounces).


    *Black Tamarin




    The lifespan of black tamarin is about sixteen years.
    The length of black tamarin body is about 190 to 210 mm (7.5 to 8.2 inches).
    The length of black tamarin's tail is about 250 mm (10 inches).
    The weight of black tamarin is about 350 to 365 grams (9 to 13 ounces).


    *Golden Lion Tamarin




    The lifespan of golden lion tamarin is about fifteen years.
    The length of golden lion tamarin body is about 200 to 340 mm (7.8 to 13.3 inches).
    The length of golden lion tamarin's tail is about 315 to 400 mm (12.3 to 15.6 inches).
    The weight of golden lion tamarin is about 360 to 710 grams (12.7 to 14 ounces).


    * Emperor Tamarin




    The lifespan of emperor tamarin is about eighteen years.
    The length of Emperor tamarin body is about 235 to 265 mm (9.2 to 10.4 inches).
    The length of Emperor tamarin's tail is about 347 to 423 mm (14 to 16.6 inches).
    The weight of Emperor tamarin is about 300 to 400 grams (10.7 to 25 ounces).


    • Marmosets
    They are divided into

    * Common Marmoset




    The lifespan of Common Marmoset  is about seven to twenty years.
    The length of Common Marmoset body is about 18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches).
    The length of Common Marmoset's tail is about 17 to 40 cm (7 to 16 inches).
    The weight of Common Marmoset is about 300 to 500 grams (10 to 18 ounces).



    * Silvery Marmoset




    The lifespan of Silvery Marmoset is over ten years.
    The length of Silvery Marmoset body is about 18 to 28 cm (7 to 10.9 inches).
    The length of Silvery Marmoset's tail is about 26 to 38 cm (10.3 to 14.8 inches).
    The weight of Silvery Marmoset is about 300 to 360 grams (10.6 to 18 ounces).


    * Geoffroy's Marmoset




    The lifespan of Geoffroy's Marmoset is about seven to sixteen years.
    The length of  Geoffroy's Marmoset body is about 18 to 20 cm (7 to 8 inches).
    The length of Geoffroy's Marmoset's tail is about 23 to 29 cm (9 to 11 inches).
    The weight of  Geoffroy's Marmoset is about 300 to 360 grams (10 to 12 ounces).



    * Pygmy Marmoset is one of the smallest monkey in the earth.




    The lifespan of  Pygmy Marmoset is over sixteen years.
    The length of Pygmy Marmoset body is about 12 to 15 cm (4.7 to 5.8 inches).
    The length of Pygmy Marmoset's tail is about 17 to 23 cm (6.6 to 9 inches).
    The weight of Pygmy Marmoset is about 100 to 120 grams (3.5 to 4.5 ounces).
    At birth the young weight is about 15 grams (0.5 ounces).



    • Macaques

    They are divided into :

    * Celebes Macaque




    The lifespan of Celebes Macaque is about twenty five to thirty years.
    The length of Celebes Macaque body is about 60 to 80 cm (22 to 31 inches).
    The length of Celebes Macaque's tail is about 39 to 78 cm (10 to 20 mm).
    The weight of  Celebes Macaque is about 6 to 16 kg (13 to 35 pounds).

    * Java Macaque




    The lifespan of Java Macaque is about twenty five to thirty years.
    The length of Java Macaque body is about 38 to 65 cm (15 to 24 inches).
    The length of Java Macaque's tail is about 40 to 65 cm (15.6 to 26 inches).

    The weight of Java Macaque is about 4 to 10 kg (8 to 22 pounds).

    * Pig-Tailed Macaque





    The lifespan of Pig-Tailed Macaque is about twenty five to thirty years.
    The length of Pig-Tailed Macaque body is about 50 to 68 cm (19.5 to 27 inches).
    The length of Pig-Tailed Macaque's tail is about 14 to 24.5 cm (5 to 19.5 inches).

    The weight of Pig-Tailed Macaque is about 4 .5 to 16 kg (10 to 35 pounds).


    * Rhesus Macaque





    The lifespan of Rhesus Macaque is about twenty five to thirty years.
    The length of Rhesus Macaque body is about 38.5 to 65 cm (15 to 24 inches).
    The length of Rhesus Macaque's tail is about 7 to 12 inches.
    The weight of Rhesus Macaque is about 4 .5 to 14 kg (10 to 30 pounds).



    * Stump-Tailed Macaque





    The lifespan of Rhesus Macaque is about twenty five to thirty years.
    The length of Rhesus Macaque body is about 60 to 64 cm (23 to 25 inches).
    The length of Rhesus Macaque's tail is about 39 to 78 inches (10 to 20 mm)

    The weight of Rhesus Macaque is about 10 to 15 kg (22 to 33 pounds).



    Cage

    The cage of monkey should be large and big place to run around, play, climb,  and explore.The monkey will be agitated and aggressive if the cage is too small.They excrete whenever and wherever they want. The cage should be cleaned at least once a day.



    Food
    The monkey eats grasshoppers, mealworms, rice, yogurt, grains, hard boiled egg, and nuts.Monkey biscuits are given to him every single day.The monkey should not be never fed junk food, fast food, snack foods, baked goods, ice cream, and sugary treats.Monkeys' diets differ among various species.Their diets include fruits, vegetables,leaves, seeds, flowers, small animals (spiders, insects), eggs, and nuts.Baby bottle can be used for drinking.Some monkeys like to take their water from a dish.Provide fresh water and clean bottle every day.


    Toys

    The monkey needs various toys to make him happy.He can play with balls and animal toys so he does not feel bored.The owner can provide a tree in the cage in order that he can climb it.The cage can be added an interesting things to stimulate the monkey.


    Socializing and Training

    The owner should play with the monkey every day.The monkey is social creature.It will make a bond between the owner and the monkey.He will trust the owner by climbing the owner's body, giving kisses, and hugs.The owner can train the monkey by giving food.The monkey can be taught to dance and shop.Call his name when the owner offers  him the toys.The monkey is an intelligent animal.He will follow what the owner teaches him.Don't hit and yell at the monkey.It will make him afraid.The monkey will hate the owner if he is punished.The monkey will be aggressive by biting the owner.Don't let the monkey play with strangers.He is too unpredictable.The monkey will be stressful and dangerous.







    Monday, 2 October 2017

    Impotence : Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis And Treatment





    Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction) is repeated inability to insert the penis to the vagina or regular inability to maintain an erection of the penis during sexual activity.Physical and psychological issues can cause impotence.Psychological impotence is the failure of erection or penetration due to thoughts or feelings.Male sexual arousal involves the brain, hormones, emotions, nerves, muscles, and blood vessels.A penile erection is the hydraulic effect of blood entering and being retained in sponge-like bodies within the penis.The process is initiated as a result of sexual arousal, when signals are transmitted from the brain to nerves in the penis.

    Penile erection is managed by two mechanisms
    • The Reflex Erection is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft.
    • The Psychogenic Erection is achieved by erotic or emotional stimuli.

    Symptoms of Impotence or Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
    • Problem in getting an erection.
    • Reduced sexual desire.
    • Trouble in keeping an erection.


    Causes of Erectile Dysfunction (ED) or Impotence

    I. Physical Causes
    • Heart disease
    • Diabetes Mellitus
    • High blood pressure
    • Atherosclerosis (clogged blood vessel)
    • Obesity
    • High cholesterol
    • Parkinson's disease
    • Multiple sclerosis
    • Peyronie disease (development of scar tissue inside the penis)
    • Hormonal disorders, including thyroid conditions and testosterone deficiency (Hypogonadism)
    • Smoking, alcoholism, and cocaine use
    • Injuries in the pelvic area or spinal cord
    • Treatment for prostate disease
    • Surgeries, including radical prostatectomy, cystectomy, transurethral resection of the prostate and rectal cancer surgery
    • Radiation Therapy to the pelvic region
    • Age
    • Kidney failure

    Medications can cause Impotence or Erectile Dysfunction (ED) :
    • Drugs for controlling high blood pressure or antihypertensives, including Beta-Blockers and Clonidine.
    • Heart drug, such as Digoxin.
    • Antidepressants, including Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), and Tricyclic Antidepressants.
    • Some Sleeping Pills and Amphetamines are drugs that act on the central nervous system or on the brain or spinal cord.
    • Opioid painkillers.
    • Some diuretics or Water Pills are drugs that increase urine output.
    • Peptic ulcer drug, such as Cimetidine
    • Some cancer drugs, including chemotherapeutic agents
    • Drugs for acting on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and Hormone drugs, such as Estrogens.
    • Anxiolytics
    • Anti-Androgen drugs for treating prostate disease.
    • 5a-Reductase Inhibitors are medications for treating cancer and for benign prostatic hypertrophy.
    • Antocholinergics are drugs that block a neurotransmitter.


    II. Psychological Causes 
    • Depression or other mental disorders.
    • Performance of  anxiety shows repeated feeling of doubt.
    • Stress can include work, finance, and emotion problems.
    • Guilt, anger
    • Fear of intimacy
    • Poor communication with a sex partner
    • Pressure from a sex partner


    Diagnosis for Impotence
    Some tests and procedures are done to diagnose Impotence.
    • Medical history is about patient's health habit and past illnesses.
    • Physical exam is an exam of the body to check general signs of health.
    • Blood Test is to measure hormone levels, cholesterol, blood sugar, liver, kidney function and thyroid function.
    • Urinalysis is to analyze urine for protein (albumin), sugar (glucose), and hormone (testosterone) levels that may indicate diabetes, kidney dysfunction, or testosterone deficiency.
    • Postage Stamp Test is used to determine if there is a medical cause of impotence or erectile dysfunction rather than a psychological one.It is to check for the presence of nighttime erections.
    • Duplex Ultrasound is to evaluate blood flow, venous leak, signs of atherosclerosis, and scarring or calcification of erectile tissue.
    • Penile Nerve Function-Tests such as the Bulbocavernosus Reflex Test are to determine if  there is sufficient nerve sensation in the penis.
    • Penile Biothesiometry is a test that uses electromagnetic vibration to evaluate sensitivity and nerve function in the glans and shaft of the penis.
    • Dynamic Infusion Cavernosometry is a technique in which fluid is pumped into the penis at a known rate and pressure.
    • Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide detailed images of the blood vessels.
    • The Nocturnal Penile Tumescence Test is to find out whether the problem of erectile is physical or psychological.Man is normal to have five to six erections during sleep, especially during rapid eye movement (REM).These erections occur about every 90 minutes and last for about 30 minutes.Two methods are used to measure changes in penile rigidity and circumference during nocturnal rection.Snap Gauge involves wrapping three plastic bands of varying strength around the penis.Erection function is assessed according to which bands break.Strain Gauge involves placing special elastic bands at the base and tip of the penis.These bands stretch during erection and register changes in  circumference.


    Treatment Of Impotence or Erectile Dysfunction

    1. Medications


    • Oral Medication : Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 Inhibitors, including Sildenafil (Viagra), Vardenafil (Levitra), Tadalafil (Cialis), Avanafil (Stendra) are prescription drugs which are taken orally.PDE-5 Inhibitors increase the amount of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) available in the blood supply to the penis and increase blood flow.
    • Topical Medication : DDAIP is used in the topical drug Vitaros that is an Alprostadil Vasodilator cream to treat erectile dysfunction or impotence.
    • Injected Medication : Papaverine, Phentolamine, Prostaglandin E1 are drugs that are injected to the penis.Choose one of these drugs is injected to the penis.

    2. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy is a new treatment for impotence or erectile dysfunction that is non-drug, non-surgical, and without adverse side effects.



    3. Vacuum Erection Devices are a mechanical way of producing an erection for men who do not want or cannot use drug treatments.The men use the devices if Drugs are not found working.They can cause bruising penis, cold penis'tip and damaged tissue.


    4. Surgery  
    • Penile Implants are a final option reserved of men who do not succeed with drug treatments and other non-invasive options.
    • Vascular Surgery attempts to corect some blood vessels that cause erectile dysfunction.
    • Arterial Reconstructive Surgery is an option limited to only very specific cases of impotence or erectile dysfunction.

    5. Gene Therapy involves injection of a transfer gene, calcium-sensitive potassium channel (hMaxi-K) into the penis.It will allow for weeks or months long effect to support erections.


    6. Acupuncture is an alternative treatment for impotence or erectile dysfunction.


    7. Alternative Therapies are used to treat impotence.
    • Korean Red Ginseng (Panax Ginseng)  is safe in short-term use.It can cause anemia.
    • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is safe at low doses.It may cause acne.
    • L-Arginine is used in high doses that can dilate blood vessels, stimulate blood flow, and improve erectile function.It should not be taken with viagra.It may cause diarrhea, nausea, and cramp.


    Mayo Clinic lists Three Risky Alternative Therapies
    1. Yohimbe can be dangerous which has many side effects.It should not be used without physician supervision.
    2. Ginkgo Biloba can increase the risk of bleeding.
    3. Horny Goat Weed  may lower blood pressure.


    Harmful Supplements Online for Erectile Dysfunction or Impotence
    FDA (Food and Drug Administration) identified several products sold online as so called "Dietary Supplements" for treating erectile dysfunction or impotence and enhancing sexual performance.These products have contained harmful and undeclared ingredients as following :

    • Actra-Rx
    • Actra-Sx
    • Adam Free
    • Blue Steel
    • Erextra
    • 4EVERON
    • Energy Max
    • Hero
    • HS Joy of Love
    • Lady Shangai
    • Libidus
    • Liviro3
    • Lycium Barbarum L
    • Nasutra
    • NaturalUp
    • Naturale Super Plus
    • Neophase
    • Shangai Ultra
    • Shangai Ultra X
    • Shangai Regular or Shangai Chaojimengnan
    • Super Shangai
    • Strong Testis
    • Vigor-25
    • Yilishen
    • Zimaxx
    • True Man
    • Rhino V Max
    • V Max
    • Xiadafil VIP Tablets (Lots 6K029 and 6K209-SEI only)