Itchy Throat And Remedies To Treat Itchy Throat

The throat is the anterior part of the neck, positioned in front of the vertebra.It contains the pharynx and larynx.The inner walls of the throat are covered with mucosal membrane containing nerves, which may be irritated by polluted air,  food, inflammatory or allergic reactions.The throat is subject to several symptoms like itchy, swelling and scratchy are some possible descriptors.An itchy throat is a sign of allergies or an allergic reaction.The common allergy triggers can cause the itchy throat such as dust, mold, pollen, food and animal dander.Inhalling pollutants can also lead the itchy throat including pesticides, tobaco smoke, cleaning products, and chemicals.Allergies can range from mild to severe.Viral infections (common cold or strep throat) can start as an itchy throat before progressing to soreness or pain.

Itchy throat is an irritating sensation in the throat that provokes desire to cough.The other symptoms are pain, secretion, difficulty speaking and eating, runny nose, itchy eyes may accompany throat itchy, depending the cause.

There are some conditions that cause the itchy throat :

• Allergies

Allergies to food cause an itchy throat, itchy or tingling lips, swelling on the face, and hives (urticaria) on the upper part of the body.

Allergies to dust mites, molds, pet danders, pollens, and other inhaled allergens cause itchy, pink, watery eyes, itchy throat, runny nose, 

The treatments of itchy throat are done by some ways to relating to allergies, an antihistamine can help to block the body's inflammatory response.

Gargling can help relieve inflammation.To create gargling by adding a half tea-spoon of salt to warm water for twice a day.Don't swallow it.

The throat sprays or products that contain ingredients such as benzocaine, eucalyptus oil or menthol, as active ingredients.They can relieve itchy.

The prevention of itchy throat by avoiding the allergy causes and washing hands frequently.Avoidance of allergens whenever possible can help to resolve the symptoms of itchy throat  relating to exposure to an allergen.

• Dry throat

Dry throat often appears together with dry eyes, mouth, skin, and fever.Its causes are cold windy weather, alcohol, dehydration, tobacco smoking, and sick building disease from excessive indoor heating or air condition.

The treatments of dry throat can use herbal candies without sugar and menthol may provide temporary relief by making a thin protective film over the throat mucosa.

Drinking eight glasses of liquid per day because hydration can help to soothe the throat.

Drinking teas that contain chamomile or slippery elm, barberry, marshmallow root, honeysuckle flower, and licorice root can help in itchy and sore throat.According to The Doctor  Book of Home Remedies, " Drink a cup of licorice root tea daily to soothe the throat during allergy or colds."Licorice root tea has an anesthetic effect.

Taking A spoonful of thining honey with lemon juice or apple cider vinegar as needed throughout the day.Lemon juice contains vitamin C as antioxidant and honey contains throat-soothing as antibacterial properties that will heal the throat.

Gargling with straight aloe vera juice and swallow it.It can soothe a sore by moisturizing the tissue and increasing blood supply to the area.

• Disorder of near organ

Sinusitis symptoms are blocked nose and pain in para-nasal sinuses.Characteristic symptom in chest cold is pain under the breastbone during coughing.A thicky throat may be caused by sinusitis.

The treatments of sinusitis are rest, drinking fluids (water or juice), rinsing out the nasal passages, sleeping with head elevated,  and moiturizing the sinus cavities.To moiturize the sinus cavities by draping a towel over the head as breathing in the vapor from a bowl of medium-hotwater.Keep the vapor directing toward face.It will help ease pain and mucus drain.

• Infection of the throat

Viral infections have symptoms such as common cold, flu, mumps, infectious mononucleosis,  and chickenpox or measles usually cause infection of upper respiratory tract with an itchy sore throat.The use of aspirin should be avoided because it can cause a dangerous Reye's syndrome with liver damage especially in children in rare case.

The treatment of viral infection by drinking the drug or herbal tea with honey as the dry throat treatments.

• Bacterial infections

Fungi or candida may overgrow in the mouth and throat (oral thrush) in persons with low immunity due to diabetes, cancer, chemotherapy and other causes.

The treatment of fungi is with the use of anti-fungal rinses and pills containing nystatin.

Croup is an inflammation of the throat in children.Its characteristics are harsh and barking cough.

The treatment of croup is by providing moist air for breathing, corticosteroids in inflammation or antibiotics in bacterial infections.

Malaria Disease By Learning Symptoms, Treatment Or Antimalarial Medications

Malaria is a mosquito-borne-infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (microorganisms).The signs and symptoms malaria typically begin 8-25 days following infection; however, symptoms may occur later in those who have taken antimalarial medications as prevention.Plasmodium flaciparum is a protozoan parasite, one of the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans.It is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.

I. The signs and symptoms of malaria

The signs of Malaria

• Headache
• Fever
• Shivering
• Joint pain
• Vomiting
• Hemolytic anemia
• Jaundice
• Hemoglobin in the urine
• Retinal damage
• Convulsions

The Symptoms of Malaria

• Shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe
• Headache
• Fever
• Sweating
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Yellow skin
• Seizures
• Coma
• Bloody stools

The life cycle of malaria

The life cycle of malaria parasites.A mosquito causes an infection by a bite.First sporozoites enter the bloodstream, and migrate to the liver.They infect liver cells, where they multiply into merozoites, rupture the liver cells, and return to the bloodstream.The merozoites infect red blood cells, where they develop into ring forms, trophozoites and schizonts that in turn produce further merozoites.Sexual forms are also produced, which, if taken up by a mosquito, will infect the insect and continue the life cycle.

II. Classification of Malaria

World Health Organization (WHO) classified the criteria of malaria either severe or uncomplicated.A Severe Plasmodium falciparum or cerebral malaria presents with neurological symptoms including coma ( a Glasgow coma scale less than 11, or a Blantyre coma scale greater than 3) or with a coma that lasts longer thirty minutes after a seizure.

The Criteria of Severe or Uncomplicated Malaria

• Decreased unconciousness.
• Significant weakness such that the person is unable to walk.
• Inability to feed.
• Two or more convulsions.
• Low blood pressure ( less than 70 mmHg in adult and 50 mmHg in children.
• Breathing problems.
• Circulatory shock.
• Kidney failure or hemoglobin in the urine.
• Bleeding problems or hemoglobin less than 50 g/L (5g/dL).
• Pulmonary Oedema.
• Blood glucose less than 2.2 mmol/ L (40 mg/dL).
• Acidosis or lactate levels of greater than 5 mmol/L
• A parasite level in the blood of greater than 100.000 per microlitre (ųl) in low-intensity transmission areas, or 250.000 per ųl in high intensity transmission areas.

III Treatment

Malaria is treated with antimalarial medications (artemisinin), the second medication (mefloquine, lumefantrine or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.If an artemisinin is not available, Quinine along with doxycycline may be used.  If malaria is confirmed before treatment possibly started due to concerns of increasing drug resistance.

Chloroquine is the preffered treatment of malaria for women in pregnancy.Quinine, proguanil and clindamycin (cleocin) typically are used for pregnancy people with malaria that is resistant to chloroquine.

People with falciparum malaria have the most severe symptoms so they need to be monitored in the intensive care unit of a hospital during  first day of treatment because the disease causes  breathing problems, kidney failure and coma.

There are four antimalarial medications for foreign travel :

• Chloroquine (Aralen) : This medication is taken once a week, from one to two weeks  prior to departure until four weeks after returning.This regiment will be tolerated by most people, with a few patients  experiencing nausea, itching, dizziness, blurry vision, and headache.Taking the drug after meal to minimize these symptoms.
• Mefloquine (Lariam) : This medication is taken once a week, from one to two weeks prior to departure until four weeks after returning.The side effects of the drug include bad dream, nausea, dizziness, concentrating difficulties, and seizures.It causes hallucination rarely.Depression is uncommon effect.People with an electrocardiogram or a rhytm disturbance of heart, people having seizures and people with a neurological or psychiatric disease should not take this medication.
• Doxycycline (Vibramycin) : This medication is taken once per day, from two days before departure to four weeks after returning.It can cause more sensitive to the sun and increase sunburn risk.Women in pregnancy and children should not take this drug.
• Proguanil (Malarone) and Atovaquone : This medication is taken one tablet at about the same time each day , starting one to two days before departure until seven days after returning.The side effects of proguanil include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and headache.Women in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and people with a severe kidney disease should not take this medication.

Skin Cancer : Type, Sign, Cause,Treatment, And Prevention

Skin cancers are cancers that arise from the skin.Skin cancers are due to the development of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

There are two types of skin cancer  namely non melanoma skin cancer  (NMSC) and melanoma skin cancer.

I. Non Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC)

• Basal-cell cancer (BCC)

Basal-skin cancer looks like a small, slow growing, shiny, pink (red lump), and red scaly patches.If left basal-skin cancer tends to become crusty, bleed, or develop into an ulcer.It is most common on the face, scalp, ears, hands, shoulders, and back.

Basal-cell cancer is divided into four different types :

• Nodular Basal Cell Cancer

Nodular basal-cell cancer looks through translucent and the blood vessels.Sometimes it has sore ( ulcerated ) area in the center.

• Pigmented Basal Cell Cancer

Pigmented basal cell cancer has dark areas and can look like warts or sometimes melanoma.

• Morphoeic Basal Cell Cancer

Morphoeic basal cancer looks like a sore area on the skin that does not heal.This type may also look like a scar or a thickened area of skin that very slowly gets bigger.It is important to see doctor if having an area like this for more than three week.

• Squamous-cell cancer (SCC)

Squamous cell cancer appears as a firm pink lump and may have a flat, scaly, and crusted surface or thickened patch on sun-exposed skin.The lump is tender to touch and bleeds easily.It may develop into an ulcer and into a large mass or becomes dangerous if it is not treated.

A persistent, scaly red patch with irregular borders that sometimes crusts or bleeds.

An elevated growth with a central depression that occassionally bleeds.A growth of this type may rapidly increase in size.

An open sore that bleeds and crusts and persists for week.

A wart-like growth that crusts and bleeds.

Skin area exposed to sunlight looks like the scalp

II. Melanoma

• Melanona is the most agressive cancer.Most melanomas consist of various colours from shade of brown to black.Amelanotic melanomas is a small amount of  melanomas that are pink, red or fleshy in colour and tend to be agressive.

The pictures of Mole

Signs of melanoma

• A mole that has changed in size, shape and color.
• A sore does not heal.
• Having more than one color.
• Spread of pigment from the border of a spot into surrounding skin.
• Changing in sensation-itcheness, tenderness or pain.
• Changing in the surface of a mole-scaliness, oozing, bleeding, or the appearance of a bump or nodule.
• Ulceration.
• Redness or a new swelling beyond the border.
• The appearance of a new mole during adulthood or pain. 
• Unusual lumps, blemishes, marking or changes in the skin area.

A normal mole is usually an evenly colored brown, tan, or black spot on the skin.It can be flat, raised, round, and oval.Once a mole has developed, it will usually stay the same size, shape, and color for many years. Some moles may eventually fade away.Moles are generally less than 6 millimeters (1/4 inch) across (the width of a pencil eraser).Some moles can be present at birth, but most appear during childhood or young adulthood.

The ABCDE rule is guide to usual signs of melanoma

• A is for Asymmetry : One half of a mole or birthmark does not match the other.

• B is for Border : The edges are irregular, ragged, notched or blurred.

• C is for Color : The color is not the same all over and may include shades of brown or black or sometimes with patches of pink, red, white, or blue. 

• D is for Diameter : The spot is larger than 6 millimeters across (1/4 inch - the width of pencil eraser).Although melanomas can sometimes be smaller than this.

• E is for Evolving : The mole is changing in size, shape, and color.

Causes of skin cancer

• Ultraviolet radiation from sun exposure.
• The use of many immunosuppressive medications (Cyclosporin A, a Calcineurin inhibitor,  and Azathioprine).
• Smoking tobacco.
• HPV infections.
• Some genetic syndromes including congenital melanocytic nevi syndrome.
• Ionizing radiation, environmental carcinogens, artificial UV radiation (tanning beds), aging, and light skin color.
• Chronic non-healing wounds or Marjolin's ulcers.

Prevention

• The use of sunscreen to provide board protection from UVA dan UVB ranges.
• Decreasing indoor tanning and mid day sun exposure.
• Avoiding sunburning by wearing protective  clothing, sunglasses, and hats.
• Avoiding the use of tobacco products.

Treatment

Seeing a Dermatoligist by doing regular skin checks, you can spot possible skin cancer early enough for it to be treated.

Basal-cell cancers use Mohs' micrographic surgery that is  a technique used to remove the cancer with the least amount of surrounding tissue and the edges are checked immediately to see if tumor is found.An Alternative method is used CCPDMA and can performed by a pathologist.

Surgical procedures or Chemotherapy may be required if the disease has spread (metatasized).

Treatments for metastatic melanoma include biologic immunotherapy agents ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab ; BRAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib; and a MEK inhibitor trametinib.

The Benefits Of Cow's Milk To Protect Ovarium Cancer, Migraine Headache, Osteoporosis, Decayed Teeth And Other Diseases

Cow's Milk is a pale liquid produced by mammary glands of mammals.Milk has a number of nutrients including protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 ( riboflavin), pantothenic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin D, vitamin K, calcium, magnesium, potassium,sodium, selenium, iodine, biotin, and choline.Calcium from dairy product has a greater bioavailability than calcium from certain vegetables such as spinach.Milk from any mammal contains amino acids and micro RNA which influence the drinker's metabolism and growth.

Nutritional value per 100 grams (3.5 oz) of cow's milk has 132 mg of potassium and 113 mg of calcium.The cow's milk is considered the best wholesome supplement for children as well as for adults.


The Benefits of Cow's Milk

• Increases bone strength.
• Strengthens immune system.
• Smoothens skin.
• Neutralize scholesterol content of the body.
• Prevents depression.
• Protects migraine headaches.
• Protects arthritic conditions
• Protects pre-menstrual syndrome.
• Protects obesity in children
• Reduces cardiovascular disease.
• Reduces the stress on the heart.
• Reduces blood pressure.
• Increases blood flow to vital organs.
• Prevents bone disorders like osteoporosis.
• Reduces the risk of  decaying teeth and weak gums.
• Prevents rehydration.
• Prevents ovarium cancer.
• Heals chronic fatigue.
• Supports and repairs Muscle growth 
• Prevents muscle mass being used for energy.
• Improves intelligence strength.
• Nourishes the body tissues.
• Increases breast milk in the feeding mother.
• Treats respiratory problems.

STUDY AND RESEARCH

Some Studies have suggested an increased intake of calcium and lactose from dairy products may help to prevent ovarian cancer.

According to Today's Dietitian, A recent analysis of over 20 clinical trials suggested that an increased milk intake can boost musle mass and strength during resistance exercise in both younger and older adults.

The reasearch was published in the American College of Rheumatology Journal Arthritis Care and Research, about The possible health benefits of drinking A glass of  milk a day may delay knee osteoarthritis in women- knee osteoarthritis currently has no cure but researchers say drinking milk every day has been linked to reduce progression of the disease.

The most recent assessment by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research found that most individual epidemiological studies showed increased risk of prostate cancer with increased intake of milk or dairy product.

Cow's milk is a source of potassium.In one study, those who consumed 4069 mg of potassium per day had a 49% lower risk of death from ischemic heart disease compared with those consumed less potassium (about 1000 mg per day).


The Consumption of Cow's Milk

The US Federal government document Dietary Guideliness  for Americans, 2010 recommends the consumption of three glasses of fat-free or low-fat milk per day for adults and children of nine years old or older (less for younger children).That whole milk may be better for health due to its increased ability to satiate hunger.

Processed Cow's milk was formulated to contain different amounts of fat.A cup (250 ml) of 2%-fat cow's milk contains 285 mg of calcium, which represents 22% to 29% of daily recommended intake (DRI) of calcium for an adult.


The ways to avoid dangers associated with cow's milk :

• Drinking cow's milk, you choose only the non-genetically modified, range fed, and organic raw  versions.
• Replace cow's milk with healthy natural subs titutes such as almond milk, rice milk or hemp milk.

Yogurt Has Benefits For The Health In Decreasing Weight , High Blood Pressure, Vaginal Infections, And Osteoporosis

Yogurt is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.Yogurt cultures are the bacteria used to make yogurt.Fermentation of lactose by these bacteria produces lactic acid, which acts on milk protein  to give yogurt its texture and  characteristic tang.Yogurt is produced using a culture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp, bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, lactobacilli, and bifidobacteria.

Yogurt contains rich nutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, viamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, magnesium, zinc, potassium, phosphorus, iodine, and choline.It has nutritional benefits beyond those of milk due to its probiotics.Probiotic literally means "for life"refers to living organisms that can result in the health benefit when eaten in adequate amounts.In clinical trials have been studied the use of yogurt as a food in amount of 100 grams to 200 grams daily.

The Benefits of Yogurt

• Maintains weight loss.
• Crowds out harmful microorganisms that can cause intestinal infections.
• Maintains red blood cells.
• Increases the amount of water  absorbed by the intestines.
• Improves hydration.
• Prevents high blood pressure.
• Lowers risk of acquiring severe periodontal disease.
• Enhances the body of immune system.
• Prevents osteoporosis.
• Helps lactose intolerance.
• Heals diarrhea.
• Helps H.Pylori infections.
• Helps colon cancer.
• Helps constipation.
• Helps inflammatory bowel disease.
• Discourages vaginal  yeast infections or candida.
• Lowers hunger or feel fuller.
• Reduces cholesterol.
• Protects against coronary heart disease.
• Reduces cardiovascular disease.
• Flushes some of the excess sodium out of the body.
• Regulates digestion.

A recent Taiwanese Study looked at the effect of yogurt containing lactobacillus and bifidobacterium on 138 people with persistent H.Pylori infections.The researchers found that the yogurt improved the efficacy of four-drug therapy.

According to Research  from the University of Tenneessee Knoxfille said, "People who ate 8 ounces of yogurt a day-in conjunction with cutting their total calories-lost 22 percent more weight and 81 percent more belly fat than dieters who skipped the snacks."

In a small Study said, "Seven diabetic women with chronic candidal vaginitis consumed 6 ounces of frozen aspartame-sweetened yogurt per day (with or without active cultures ).Eventhough most of women had poor blood sugar control throughout the study, the vaginal pH (measure of aciditybor basicity) of the group eating yogurt with active cultures dropped from 6.0 to 4.0 (normal pH is 4.0-4.5).These women also reported a decrease in candida infections.The women ate the yogurt without active cultures remained at pH 6.0.

The ways to choose the healthy yogurt :

• Checking the labels.The levels of nutrients in yogurt vary from brand to brand.Fruit yogurt tends to have less calcium than plain yogurt because sugar and fruit take up previous space in container.
• Most brands of yogurt contain good bacteria.Choosing yogurt with the words live and active cultures on the container that means yogurt has probiotics to regulate digestion and strengthen immune system.
• When buying yogurt to decide between whole milk, low fat or non fat yogurt.

For instance, The healthy yogurt in low calories, fat and sugar.

Per 6 - ounce serving :

Calories : 100 to 150  grams (If you are snacking, stick to the lower end)

Fat : 3,5 grams or less (fat or non fat)

Saturated fat : 2 grams or less

Protein : at least 8 to 10 grams

Sugar : 20 grams or less

Calcium : at least 20 percent of the daily value

Vitamin D : at least 20 percent of daily value

Lying Is Greatest Sin, Haram And The Liar Afflicted With forgetful, Awful Smell , And Blackened Face

A lie is a statement that is known or intended by its source to be missleading, inaccurate, or false.Lying is the practice of communicating lies.A liar is a person who communicate a lie.The term carries a negative connotation, and depending on the context a person who communicates a lie may be subject to religion, social, legal or criminal sanction.In certain situations, lying is permitted, expected, or even encouraged.Because believing and acting on false information can have serious consequences.

There are Qur'anic verses to denounce lying :

• Surah An-Nahl ayah 105
• Surah Az-Zumar ayah 3
• Surah Al-Imran ayah 61
• Surah An-Nur ayah 8

Lying is one of the greatest sins.A tradition the Holy Prophet declares, "Beware I inform you regarding the greatest of the mortal sins : Associating anything with Allah, disobeying parents and lying."

The famous scholar, Shaykh Ansari writes in his book "Makasib Al-Muharrama" : "Common sense suggests lying is haram, All the revealed religions also say so; particularly Islam."

The Qur'an is explisit in this regard.The corpus of hadiths (opinion of the majority of jurists) verify this tennet and reason also sustain this assertion.

Undoubtedly lying is the worst of sin.It is obvious that the evils of lying are more dreadful that those of adultery.

Another tradition quoted from Prophet said, " When believer utters a lie without a valid excuse, he is cursed by seventy thousands Angels."

Such a stench emanates from his heart that it reaches the sky and because of this single lie, Allah writes for him a sin equivalent to that of committing seventy fornications.Such fornication that the least of which is fornication  with one mother.

Allah makes a liar afflicted with forgetfulness.He does not get an increase of  his sustenance.A liar has a bad or awful smell from his mouth.Angels move away from the liars.Lying is the ring of satan's finger.

There are some Qur'anic verses and traditions about Lying

• Lying is transgression (Sural Al-baqarah ayah 197 and surah Al-Hujurat ayah 6).
• Lying is an evil and a sin.
• Lying means false word.
• The liar is not believer.

Al-Qur'an, Surah An-Nahl ayah 105 : "Only they forge the lie, who do not believe the signs of Allah."

• The liar is accursed.

Al-Qur'an, Surah An-Nur ayah 8 :".....the curse of Allah be on him if he is one of the liars."

• The blackened face of the liar.

The Holy Prophet says,  " Beware of falsehood! Because falsehood blackens the face."

• Sin of lying is worse than drinking wine.
• The foul-smelling of the liar.
• The Angels abhor the liars.

In a prophetic tradition said, "when a believer utters a lie, such a bad smell emanates from his mouth that even the Angels move away."

• Lying is disbelief (kufr).
• The stench of the liar's mouth reaches the sky.
• The Angels of the sky curse the liars.
• Lying destroys faith.
• Lying or falsehood deprives from the liar from the taste of faith.
• Lying causes animosity and hatred between people.
• Lying is a sign of hypocrite.
• Liar's advice is not paid heed by the Islamic Shari'a.
• Lying is the most dreadful of the psychological disease.
• Lying is an embellishment of satan's hand.
• Lying is the worst profit from the trade.
• Lying causes forgetfulness.
• Lying is deprived of Salat al-Shab.
• Falsehood deprives a liar from true guidance and cause him deviate.

Al-Qur'an, Sural Al-Jumu'a ayah 5 :" And Allah does not guide  the unjust people."

Every kinds of lie and every methods of untruth speaking are haram.Just as It is haram to speak a lie with tongue and is similar to write something false.Even it is haram to point a finger in expressing a lie.For instance, someone ask, " Have you prayed? He nods his head, actually he does not pray yet.It is a lie and haram.Similarly propagating the words of liar that they are aware and support a liar, it is haram and sin.

Zina : The Punishment Of Zina and Minor Zina

Zina is an Islamic law corncerning unlawful sexual relations between muslims who are not married to one another through a nikah.

Narrated by Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, Messenger of Allah (SAW) said, "Whenever a man is alone with woman shaytan makes a third." (Al-Tirmidhi 3118).

Zina includes extramarital sex  and premarital sex such as 

• Adultery : consensual sexual relations outside marriage.
• Fornication : consensual sexual intercourse between two unmarried persons.
• Homosexuality : consensual sexual relations between same-sex partners.

The Process of Accusation and Punishment of Zina

Islam requires evidence before a man or a woman can be punished for zina.There are

• A confession by a Muslim of zina.However, the person has a right to retract his/ her confession; if confession is retracted , he/she is not punishable for zina ( barring the presence of four male Muslim witnesses), or
• The woman is pregnant but not married, or
• The testimony of four reliable Muslim adult male eyewitnesses, all of whom must have witnessed the penetration at the sama time.

Qur'an, Surah Al-Nisa ayah 15

" If any of your women are guilty of lewdness, take the evidence of four reliable witnesses from amongst you against them; and if they testify, confine them to houses until death to claim them, or Allah ordain for them some (other) way."

Qur'an, Surah An-Nur ayah 11 and ayah 13 also reveal  the four witnesses requirement for zina that applies in the case of an accusation against  man or woman.

There is disagreement between Islamic Scholars on whether female eyewitnesses are acceptable witnesses in cases of zina.Islamic scholars state the requirement of four male eyewitnesses were to address zina in public.

For the crimes, Sharia considers two female witnesses equal the witnesses of one male.

In Sunni Fiqhs of Islam, female Muslim, child, and non Muslim witnesses of zina are not acceptable.

Any uninvolved Muslim witness or victim of non consensual sexsual intercourse, who accuses a Muslim of zina, but fails to produce four adults, pious male eyewitnesses before a Sharia Court, commits the crime of false accusation ( Qadhf ), punishable with eighty lashes in public.

Some Fiqhs (School of Islamic Jurisprudence) created the principle of shubha (doubt), wherein there would be no zina charges if a Muslim man claims he believed he was having sex with a woman he was married to or with a woman he owned as a slave.

All Sunni Schools of Jurisprudence agree that zina is to be punished with lethal stoning if the offender is a married Muslim (Muhsan).The punishnent for zina by a muhsan is a hundred lashes followed by stoning to death in public.Persons who are not muhsan (unmarried muslim) are punished for zina with one hundred lashes in public.But their life is spared.

Pregnancy of unmarried woman is regarded as evidence of zina.

Maliki School of Islamic Jurisprudence considers pregnancy as sufficient or authomatic service.

Other Sunni Schools of Jurisprudence rely on early Islamic Schoolars that state that a fetus can sleep and stop developing for 5 years in womb, and thus a woman who was previously married but now divorced may not have committed zina even if she delivers a baby years after her divorce.These alternate fiqhs of Sunni Islam consider pregnancy of never married woman as evidence of her committing crime of zina.

The Maliki do not require Ihsan for the imposition of stoning.

According to Hanafis, Homosexual intercourse can only be punished on the strength of tazir.Minimal proof for zina is still the testimony of four male eyewitnesses, even in the case of homosexual intercouse.

Accusation process and punishment vary from country to country.Prosecution of extramarital pregnancy as zina as well as prosecution of rape victims for the crime of zina, have been the source of wordwide controvercy in recent years.

The Minor Zina

Thera are minor zina :

• The zina of the eyes is the lustful look.
• The zina of ears is the listening to voluptuous songs or talks.
• The zina of tongue is the licentious speech.
• The zina of hands is the lustful grip.
• The zina of feet is the walking to the place where he intends to commit zina.

Although there is no prescribed punishnent for the minor zina including the zina of eyes, the zina of ears, the zina of tongue, the zina of hands, and the zina of feet in the life of this world.If one dies without seeking taubah and repentance from Allah, he will be held severely countable for these acts of minor zina in The Presence of The Majestic Lord in the hereafter.