The Benefits Of Rue (Ruta) Become Anti-Inflammatory, Antispasmodic, Diuretic, Emmenagogic And Antipyretic Actions

Rue or Ruta contains linear ketones, alpha-pinene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, 2-undecanone, 2-nonanone, monoterpenes, methyl salycilate, 6-methoxydictamnine, edulinine, modic acid, acridones, graveoline, furoquinoline, kokusagenine, skimmianine, rutin, quercetin, flavenol, coumarins, scopoletin, psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, isoopimpinellin and tannin.

Ruta has anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, emmenagogic, diuretic and antipyretic actions.It is used internally as a sedative, an abortifacient and an antispasmodic.The constituents of rue include alkaloids, volatile oil, furocoumarins and flavonoids.Rue is used as an herb and as a culiner.Its seeds can be used for porridge.Its leaves taste bitter.

The usage of rue as an abortifacient or antifertility agent requires the knowledge of correct dose.The extracts of ruta are mutagenic and hepatotoxic.The consumption of rue in large dose can cause vomiting, violent gastric pain, systemic complication and death.Therapeutic dosages can cause side-effects, such as sleep disorders, dizziness, tiredness, spasms and melancholic moods.Children are not recommended to consume rue.Women intend to be pregnant should not consume rue.Infusions of the fresh rue or ruta and specific tinctures should be used more cautiously in lower doses at first.

The Benefits of Ruta or Rue

• Treats menstrual disorders and discomforts
• Treats loss of appetite
• Cures dyspepsia
• Cures nervousness
• Heals fever
• Heals headache
• Treats arteriosclerosis
• Treats toothache
• Treats circulatory disorders
• Cures hysteria
• Treats heart palpitations
• Treats respiratory complaints
• Cures neuralgic affliction
• Treats weakness of the eyes
• Heals bone injuries
• Treats pleurisy
• Cures sprains
• Treats dislocations
• Cures arthritic complaints
• Treats scabies
• Removes dandruff
• Cures eyes strain
• Treats sore eyes
• Becomes insect repellent
• Heals seizures in children
• Cures eczema
• Cures bruises
• Treats insect bites or stings
• Dissipates flatulence
• Sharpens vision
• Heals asthma
• Cures diarrhea
• Cures colic
• Treats shingles
• Cures cough

STUDY

Study by De Freitas (2005) provided evidence that rue effected the development of embryo, produced abnormalities which led to the death of embryo.While Al Mahmoud et al (2003), in a review of other studies where a range of preparations were used, found that implantation occured but there was a higher rate of embryo death.Gutierrez-Pajares et al (2003) found a significant dose depending on the increase in abnormal embryos in their study.These Studies supported the recommendation that rue should not be used for pregnancy or women intending to be pregnant.

Weiss proposed a tea made with 1 to 2 tablespoons of dried rue to a cup of boiling water infused for ten to fifteen minutes.This dose applied for the treatment of circulatory disorders, such as arteriosclerosis and capillary fragility.He said that the inclusion of a laxative herb was important.Its dosage is one tablespoon (15 g) of herb to 500 mL of boiling water infused for twenty minutes.It is taken once daily in the morning within one hour rising, on an empty stomach.

The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, the indication in amenorrhoea, prohibition in pregnancy.Its dosage is 500 mg to 1 g of dried herb three times a day.

Hoffmann proposed a large dose of 1 to 4 mL tincture 1:5 40% and 1 to 2 teaspoon dried rue to a cup of boiling water as infusion.

The Benefits Of Lychee Have Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Obesity, Anti-Cancer, Antioxidant, Anti-Influenza, And Anti-Microbial Activities

Lychee contains various anti-cancer compounds called quercetin, flavones, kaempferol which help in reducing cancerous cells growth in the body. Certain proanthocyanidins in lychee seeds have shown powerful anti-viral activity, including against coxsackie virus and herpes simplex virus.Lychee pulp contains large amounts of phenolic compounds and exhibits antioxidant activities.It has quercetin that is a powerful antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties.Lychee contains rich amounts of phytonutrients, polyphenols, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins which help in inhibiting cancer cells growth in breast, liver, colon, and prostate.One cup of lychee provides 100 percent of recommended daily amount of vitamin C.

Lychee contains carbohydrate, protein, beta-caratone, dietary fiber, choline, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, copper, iron and zinc.

The Benefits of Lychee

• Prevents heart disease
• Reduces Parkinson's disease
• Reduces Alzheimer's disease
• Lowers blood pressure
• Acts as blood regulation and formation
• Strengthens blood vessels
• Prevents asthma
• Cures flatulence
• Prevents common cold
• Treats hernia
• Prevents osteoarthritis
• Prevents age-related macular degeneration
• Treats sunburn
• Alleviates dry mouth
• Heals burns and wounds
• Treats neuralgic pain
• Maintains healthy gums
• Decreases blood sugar in diabetics
• Fights viral illnesses, such as mononucleosis
• Boosts immune system function
• Treats acidity
• Improves vision in people with uveitis (inflammation of the middle part of the eye)
• Treats allergy-related conditions, such as eczema, hay fever
• Treats inflammatory disease
• Fights against herpes simplex virus
• Fights against coxsackie virus
• Cures nausea
• Improves blood flow to organs
• Protects skin from harmful UV rays
• Protects against stroke
• Produces red blood cells
• Maintains the health of bone
• Maintains teeth health
• Slows down the aging process
• Improves appetite
• Cures heartburn
• Treats bloating problem
• Relieves fatigue
• Cures burning sensation
• Treats constipation
• Cures stomach ulcer
• Fights diabetes type 2
• Fights liver damage
• Prevents from brittle bones
• Makes hair silky and smooth
• Relieves muscle cramps
• Assists in stimulating the sexual desire in men
• Nourishes reproductive system
• Treats intestinal worms
• Enhances brain power
• Nourishes skin
• Reduces the occurence of acne
• Prevents from infection
• Reduces weakness
• Prevents influenza
• Treats diabetic complications, such as blindness, nerve damage
• Slows down the occurence of cataract
• Enhances body stamina
• Prevents fever
• Prevents sore throat
• Relieves excessive thirst by properly rehydrating the body during summer season
• Treats obesity
• Cures cough
• Inhibits the growth of cancerous cells in breast, liver, colon and prostate
• Maintains regular bowel movements 

STUDY

In Animal Study, Lychee pulp phenolics protected against stress-induced liver injury by modulating mitochondrial dysfunction.The Reseachers concluded that Lychee pulp might be a functional biofactor to mitigate oxidative stress.

Numerous Studies have confirmed the benefits of antioxidants in lychee and they play the role in maintaining good health and reducing the risk of heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and cancer.

Researchers gathered data from scientific journals, books, and worldwide accepted scientific databases and revealed significant evidence that lychee offers medicinal benefits.According to Study stated phytochemical investigation revealed that the major chemical constituents of litchi (lychee) are flavonoids, sterols, triterpenens, phenolics and other bioactive compounds.Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from L.chinensis (lychee) exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepato-protective and immunomodulatory activities.

Research Studies suggest that Oligonol is found in lychee fruit.Oligonol, a low molecular weight polyphenol, is thought to have antioxidant and anti-influenza virus actions.

Studies suggest that consumption of fruits rich in vitamin C like lychee help human body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals.

The Benefits Of Plum Treat Diabetes, Cancer, Asthma, And Reduce Wrinkle, Dryness Of The Skin

Plum contains carbohydrate, protein, dietary fiber, beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, fluoride, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, calcium, iron, manganese, and zinc.Plum has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Plum fruit taste ranges from sweet to tart.Dried plums are called prunes.They are sweet and juicy.Prunes do not cause a major rise in blood glucose and insulin after meal.Prunes contain several antioxidants.Plum and prune have laxative effect.This effect is attributed to various compounds present in the fruits, such as dietary fiber, sorbitol and isatin.They are used to regulate the functioning of the digestive system.Plum seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides, including amygdalin.Plums have both soluble and insoluble fiber.Plum extracts aid in the reduction of blood glucose and triglyceride levels in the body.Plums have a low glycemic index.

The Benefits of Plum for the health :

• Relieves constipation problem
• Develops resistance against infectious agents, counter inflammation and scavenge harmful free radicals
• Protects from lung cancer
• Protects from oral cavity cancer
• Decreases colon cancer
• Protects from UV light
• Helps the body in metabolizing carbohydrates, protein and fats
• Reduces Alzheimer's disease in the elderly
• Prevents Parkinson's disease
• Prevents oxygen-based damage to fats
• Reduces heart disease risk
• Reduces stroke
• Loses weight
• Treats diabetes type 2
• Prevents overeating and weight gain
• Decreases hemorrhoids
• Lowers cholesterol level
• Acts as antibacterial agents in gastrointestinal and urinary tracts
• Boosts immune system
• Improves cardiovascular health
• Aids skin health
• Increases absorption of  iron into the body
• Helps people who suffer from recurrent ear infections
• Helps people who suffer from atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
• Reduces asthma
• Decreases  osteoarthritis
• Reduces rheumatoid arthritis
• Slows down aging
• Helps in healthy glowing skin
• Reduces wrinkles
• Decreases dryness of the skin
• Heals wounds
• Promotes bowel regulation
• Makes longer life span
• Removes mucoid plaque
• Traps toxin
• Prevents high blood pressure
• Reduces inflammation in neurological areas
• Protects cells that line blood vessels, including both veins and arteries
• Decreases the chances of cardiac arrest
• Improves the ability to learn and retain information
• Prevents age-related neurodegenerative disorders
• Prevents common cold
• Shortens the duration of respiratory tract infections
• Improves the outcome of pneumonia
• Improves the outcome of diarrhea infection
• improves the outcome of malaria
• Enhances bone density and prevents bone loss
• Treats osteoporosis
• Improves bone formation

STUDY

A 2006 Study published in the Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism states that Vitamin C in plum contributes to maintain the redox integrity of cells and thereby protects them against reactive oxygen species generated during the respiratory burst and in the inflammatory response.

A Promising 2014 Study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that the dieatary intake of vitamin K in plum was associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular, cancer or all-cause mortality in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular disease risk .

The University of Maryland Medical Center recommends that babies who eat solid foods should consume plums and other high-fiber food twice a day in order to treat constipation.

A 2009 Study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food suggests that plums are rich in natural antioxidants and protect granulocytes from oxidative stress.

A 2013 Paper published in Critical Reviews in Food and Science Nutrition suggests that snacking on dried plums may increase satiety, reduce the subsequent intake of food, control obesity and diabetes and help cardiovascular disease.

Researchers conclude that incorporating oriental plums into a high-cholesterol diet can improve some symptoms of neurodegenerative conditions (neurons in the brain).

A 2007 Study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition evaluated over 4.000 women in ages 40 -74 and found that higher vitamin C intakes in plum lowered the likelihood of a wrinkled appearence, dryness of the skin and helped to slow aging naturally.

Purslane Benefits Can Cure Boil, Dysentery, Diarrhea, Cancer And Prevent Autism

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) contains water, carbohydrate, fat, protein, omega-3 fatty acid,  beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6, vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin C, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, potassium, zinc, lithium and melatonin.

Purslane has antioxidant, anti inflammatory, anti fungal, anti bacterial, antibiotic and anti viral and antimutagenic properties.Two types of betalain alkaloid pigments in purslane are the reddish betacyanins in the coloration of the stems and the yellow betaxanthins in the flowers and in the slight yellowish cast of leaves.They are potent antioxidants and have antimutagenic properties.

Purslane is used as traditional medicine and as food.In culinary usage, purslane is used in soups, salads and stews.Its stems, leaves and flower buds are edible.It has a slightly sour and salty taste.Oxalic and malic acid in purslane make sour taste.Purslane is an herb that delivers four times the alkalizing power of pure lemon juice.In traditional chinese medicine, purslane leaves are used to treat insect and snake bites, bee stings, diarrhea, pospartum bleeding, intestinal bleeding, boils, sores, bacillary dysentery and hemorrhoids.

Chemical constituents in purslane include noradrenaline, calcium salts, dopamine, malic acid, asparagic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, L-DOPA, alanine, fructose, glucose and sucrose.It contains anti cancer compounds such as flavonoids; kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin and luteolin.Amino acids in purslane leaves include tyrosine, aspartate and phenylalanine.

Cooking purslane reduces 27 percent of overall soluble oxalate content.The leaves of purslane contain oxalate that is compound implicated in the formation of kidney stones.Taking 235 mg of ethanol extract of purslane daily can treat oral lichen planus.People with type 2 diabetes take 5 g  of powdered seeds twice daily over eight weeks.Taking 5 g of powdered seeds every four hours for three days can treat abnormal uterine bleeding.By eating purslane seeds can lose weight after five weeks.


The Benefits of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)

• Treats type 2 diabetes in adult
• Decreases cholesterol level
• Lowers blood sugar
• Loses weight
• Decreases blood pressure
• Lowers triglycerides
• Becomes toxic to breast cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer and sarcoma
• Kills liver cancer cells
• Reduces oxidative stress
• Reduces inflammation consequent to hypoxic injury
• Increases wound-healing
• Reduces severity of induced-gastric ulcers
• Treats asthma
• Treats oral lichen planus
• Prevents heart disease
• Prevents developmental issues in children, such autism and ADHD
• Stops postpartum bleeding
• Boosts immune system
• Prevents cataract and macular degeneration
• Prevents blood clots
• Prevents heart attack
• Treats psoriasis
• Protects cell from damage caused by free radicals, highly reactive oxygen molecules in the body
• Increases circulation
• Builds strong bones
• Reduces cardiovasvular diasease
• Prevents stroke
• Reduces atherosclerosis
• Treats diarrhea
• Treats bacillary dysentery
• Reduces wrinkles
• Removes scars and blemishes
• Prevents oral cancer
• Prevents osteoporosis
• Treats insect or snake bites on the skin
• Treats hemorrhoids
• Cures boils
• Cures sores
• Treats from bee stings
• Treats intestinal bleeding

STUDY

Researchers at The University of Texas at San Antonio have found that purslane has up to twenty times more of the possibly cancer-growth-inhibiting antioxidant melatonin than many other common fruits and vegetables.

Researchers see evidence that the consumption of purslane lowers blood pressure and cholesterol levels as well as makes the blood less likely to form clots.

In Scientific Studies, Purslane extracts have been shown to be toxic to breast cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer and sarcoma.

Recent Scientific Information reveals that purslane green extracts kill liver cancer cells in Vitro by 83 percent.In This New Study has shown that an extract of purslane seeds kill up to 83 percent of human liver cancer cells in Vitro within twenty four hours.

Limited Clinical Studies are available to provide dosage guidelines; powdered seeds of purslane have been taken at 5 g to 30 g daily in divided doses, as well as both ethanol and aqueoues purslane axtracts.100 grams of fresh purslane leaves yield approximately 300 mg to 400 mg of alpha linolenic acid.

A Small Clinical Trial  evaluated the effect of purslane seeds in type 2 diabetes.Improvement in serum insulin and triglycerides  at eight weeks were noted, as well as improvement in liver function tests.

Throughout James Duke's book, The Green Pharmacy, this common variety of purslane is mentioned for its amazing nutrients and constituents that make it both nutritive and medicinal herb.

The Benefits Of Beetroot Can Lower Blood Pressure, Increase Stamina And Performance, Purify Blood And Liver

Beetroot contains carbohydrate, dietary fiber, fat, protein, choline, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B9 (folate), vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, potassium , sodium and zinc.

Alpha-lipoic Acid is antioxidant in beet.It lowers glucose levels and increases insulin sensitivity.Drinking one to two cups of beetroot juice a day can lower blood pressure significantly.Beet is a potent detoxifier.Beetroot juice makes urine and bowel movements red color because it is high in oxalates.The change of color is harmless.People with kidney stone should avoid drinking it.Beetroot juice aids in cleansing the blood of heavy metals, toxins and waste.It is a powerful tool to cleanse and support liver function.



The benefits of Beetroot

• Lowers blood pressure
• Slows dementia progression in older adults
• Increases blood flow
• Improves athletic performance
• Improves oxygenation to the brain
• Increases insulin sensitivity
• Lowers glucose levels
• Decreases peripheral neuropathy
• Prevents oxidative stress-induced changes in patients with diabetes
• Prevents constipation
• Reduces chronic inflammation
• Assists the fat absortion
• Helps the nerve impulses transmission
• Maintains the structure of cellular membranes
• Promotes regularity for a healthy digestive tract 
• Protects internal organs
• Improves vascular risk factors
• Wards off cancer especially pancreatic, breast and prostate cancers
• Reduces the risk of birth defects
• Purifies blood and liver
• Strengthens immune system
• Supports cardiovascular health
• Increases stamina and energy
• Fights Alzheimer's disease

STUDY

A 2008 Study published in Hypertension examined the effect of ingesting 500 ml of beetroot juice in healthy volunteers and found that blood pressure lowered significantly after ingestion.

A 2008 Study published in Nutrition Reviews found that alpha-lipoic acid could be extremely beneficial for patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Researchers at Wake Forest University have found drinking beetroot juice can improve oxygenation to the brain and slow dementia progression in older adults.

One Study found that drinking one glass of beetroot juice lowered systolic blood pressure by an average of 4 -5 points.

Research has shown that the extract of beetroot reduced multi - organ tumor formations in various animal models when administered in drinking water.

According to Research, beetroot juice might serve as a useful strategy to strengthen internal antioxidant defenses and protect cellular components from oxidative damage.

A 2012 Study published in The Journal of The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics suggested that the consumption of nitrate-rich, whole beetroot improved running performance in healthy adults.

A 2012 Study published in The British Journal of Nutrition found that a low dose of beetroot demonstrated significant hypotensive effects.

According to Scientific Review conducted in 2015, the most abundant betalain found in beetroot, betanin, was the most effective inhibitor of oxidative stress.

The Benefits Of Okra Treat Diabetes, Asthma, Heart, And Colorectal Cancer

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus or Hibiscus eaculentus) contains water, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, protein, beta-carotene, xanthan, lutein, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine),  B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B9 (folate), vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, potassium and zinc.

Okra is knowns as lady's finger, gumbo, okro.It can be used for traditional medicine.The leaves of okra can be used for pain relief and urinary problems.Its root can be applied as a treatment of syphilis.The mucilage of okra is used as a moisturizer and a plasma replacement.Don't consume okra excessively because it has high level of oxalates.Oxalates can cause kidney and gall stone conditions to worsen.Okra contains high levels of mucilaginous fiber.Okra is important for people in pregnancy to decrease neural tube defects in their babies.It works as a natural laxative.Okra has antioxidant property.

The Benefits of Okra for health :

• Treats type 2 diabetes
• Improves insulin sensitivity
• Lowers blood sugar
• Promotes better glycemic control
• Alleviates asthma
• Prevents kidney disease
• Lowers cholesterol levels
• Treats fatigue
• Cuts hunger cravings
• Helps digestion
• Boosts immune system
• Stops constipation during pregnancy
• Prevents birth defects like spina bifida
• Reduces disease-causing inflammation
• Improves coronary heart disease
• Supports improvement in cardiovascular
• Regulates blood pressure
• Prevents calcium deficiency and magnesium deficiency
• Makes healthy bones
• Regulates heart rhythms
• Helps with muscle function
• Helps with nerve-signaling functions
• Improves eyesight
• Treats lung inflammation
• Treats sore throat
• Rids the body of liver toxins
• Maintains healthy skin and mucous membranes
• Improves mood
• Prevents diarrhea
• Reduces bloating
• Reduces cramps
• Reduces the appearance of scars and acne
• Eliminates wrinkles
• Reduces atherosclerosis
• Protects cataract
• Protect macular degeneration
• Protects colorectal cancer

STUDY

A 2013 Study demonstrated that antidepressant activity in okra was linked to mood improvement, which could make it helful for people suffering from depression.

One Study indicates that recovery time and fatigue levels can be improved by the use of the okra plant.

Research from The Pakistan Journal of Food and Science found that nearly half of okra pod contens was soluble fibre in the gums form and pectins, which aided to lower serum cholesterol and reduced heart disease risk.

The American Heart Association points out the people with diabetes are more likely to have unhealthy the levels of cholesterol.Okra has been found to lower the levels of cholesterol in diabetic lab mice.

A 2005 Study published in The Jilin Medical Journal found patients who ate okra daily reduced clinical signs of kidney damage more than those who were on a diabetic diet.

According to The Journal Of Food Processing & Technology stated that the soluble fibre in Okra reduced cholesterol naturally and decreased the chance of cardiovascular disease.

In one Study, Researchers extracted lectin from Okra to test on breast cancer cells.Lectin is a protein in okra.They found the cancer growth not only to decrease by 63%  but also to kill cancer cells by 72%.

In A 2011 Study published in The Journal Pharmacy & BioAllied Sciences, Researchers in India found that when subjects were fed dried and ground okra peels and seeds, they experienced a reduction in their blood glucose levels, while others showed a gradual decrease in blood glucose following regular feeding of the extract of okra for about ten days.

One Study stated that okra water improved the levels of blood sugar of pregnant rats that had gestational diabetes.

Hepatitis : Type, Sign, Symptom, Cause,Transmission, Treatment Hepatitis A, B, C, D, And E

Hepatitis is the liver inflammation disease.It may occur without symptoms.

Hepatitis is divided into

I. Acute Hepatitis 

Acute Hepatitis is characterized by constitutional symptoms that are typically self-limiting.It is generally caused by viral infection.The signs of acute hepatitis also include easy bruising and bleeding, confusion, sleepiness and disorientation.

Acute Hepatitis involves three phases of an infection pattern :

1. The Initial Prodromal Phase (Preceeding Symptom) involves non-specific and flu-like.

Signs and symptoms :

• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Poor appetite
• Joint pain
• Headache
• Fever
• Dark urine
• Clay-colored stools

2. Clinical Jaundice (Yellowing of the skin) and icterus (yellowing of the eyes) follow the prodrome after about one to two weeks and can last for up to four weeks.

Signs and symptoms :

• An enlarged liver
• Right upper abdominal pain
• An enlarged spleen
• A mild unintentional weight loss

3. The Recovery Phase is characterized by resolution of the clinical symptoms of hepatitis with persistent elevations in liver lab values and a persistently enlarged liver.

Cases of Hepatitis :

• Hepatitis A and hepatitis E will resolve fully after one to two months.
• Hepatitis B will resolve in three to four months.
• Hepatitis C will resolve completely.

Drug-induced hepatitis can have an allergic reaction signs such as :

• Rash
• Fever
• Inflammation of membranes lining certain organs
• Elevated a white blood cell type
• Suppression of bone marrow activity

II. Chronic Hepatitis

Chronic Hepatitis can manifest signs and symptoms specific to liver dysfunction with long-standing inflammation and damage to the organ.It presents constitutional symptoms like acute hepatitis.Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal function of the liver.

Signs and symptoms of Chronic hepatitis :

• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Joint pain
• Poor appetite
• Jaundice
• Icterus
• Abnormal hair growth
• Acne
• Lack of menstrual period in women

III. Fulminant Hepatitis

Fulminant Hepatitis or Massive Hepatic cell death is a rare and life-threatening complication of acute hepatitis.It can occur in cases of hepatitis B, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E.

Causes of Hepatitis can be divided into some categories :

I. Infectious 

• Viral Hepatitis is caused by five viruses, such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D and hepatitis E.

Hepatitis A and hepatitis E are both transmitted  by the fecal-oral-route.Hepatitis A and hepatitis E are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis.Hepatitis B,  hepatitis C and hepatitis D are transmitted when blood or mucus membranes are exposed to infected blood and body fluids, such as semen and vaginal secretions.

Five Types of Viral Hepatitis :

1. Hepatitis A (HAV)

Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the Hepatitis A virus.It gets better in a few weeks without treatment.The incubation period of Hepatitis A is usually 14 until 28 days.Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) and medication against vomiting should not be given.

Signs and symptoms of Hepatitis A

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Fever
• Abdominal pain or discomfort
• Dark urine
• Pale stool
• Jaundice (yelowing of the skin and eyes)
• Side or joint pain

Transmission of Hepatitis A

• Drinking contaminated water 
• Eating food handled by an infected person
• Being close contact with an infected person
• Having sex with person who has Hepatitis A virus
• Eating raw shellfish from water poluted with sewage

Risk factors

• HIV-positive
• Working or travelling in areas with high rates of Hepatitis A
• Hemophilia
• A man has sex with other men
• Living with person who has Hepatitis A
• Using injected or noninjected illicit drugs
• People with poor sanitary habits
• Do not have access to clean water

Diagnosis

Hepatitis A can be diagnosed by using tests.

• Blood test uses a blood sample that is sent to a laboratory to test for Hepatitis A.
• Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is to detect the Hepatitis A virus RNA

Treatment

• Vaccination is given as a shot into the muscle in two doses 6-8 months apart for children 12 months of age or older.It should be started before 24 months of age.All children should begin getting Hepatitis A vaccine at age one.The dose is different for adult depending on the vaccine type.
• Rest
• Eat more high-calorie foods, such as drinking fruit juice or milk rather than water
• Eat snack throughout the day rather than eat full meals
• Rest the liver

2. Hepatitis B (HBV)

Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by Hepatitis B virus.Hepatitis B infection may be either short-lived (acute) or long lasting (chronic).Acute Hepatitis B infection lasts less than six months.Chronic Hepatitis B infection lasts six months or longer.


Signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B

• Fever
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain
• Dark urine
• Joint pain
• Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)

Transmission of Hepatitis B

• Pregnant women infected with HBV can pass the virus to their babies during childbirth.
• Needles or syringes have contaminated with infected blood.
• Needle stick injuries in health care setting.
• Sexual contact with infected partner through saliva, semen and vaginal secretion.

Risk Factors

• Multiple sex partners
• A man has sex with other men
• Sharing needles during intravenous (IV) drug use
• Infected mother to infant born
• Living with infected chronic HBV person
• Job that exposes to human blood
• Travelling to regions with high infection rates of HBV, such as Africa, Eastern Europe, and Central and Southeast Asia
• Having HIV
• Receiving kidney dialysis

Complication

• Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)
• Liver failure
• Liver cancer
• Other conditions, including kidney disease and anemia

Diagnosis

Hepatitis B can be diagnosed by using tests as below :

• Blood Test is to determine virus in the body and whether it is acute or chronic.
• Liver Biopsy uses a small sample of the liver to determine the liver damage.

Treatment of Hepatitis B

• Vaccine

All children should get the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth.Children at age of  six to eighteen months should get complete the vaccine series.Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all babies.Vaccine can prevent hepatitis B.Babies and young children are at much greater risk of a chronic infection if they are infected."Catch-up vaccination is recommended for children and adolescents who were never vaccinated or who did not get the entire vaccine series.

Treatment for Acute Hepatitis B infection

Acute hepatitis B infection may not need treatment because it will go away on its own.It is recommeded to take a rest, consume adequate nutritions and fluids which can fight this infection.

Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B infection

• Antiviral medications, including Adefovir (Hepsera), Lamivudine (Epivir), Telbivudine (Tyzeka), Entecavir (Baraclude), Pegylated Interferon (Pegasys) and Tenofovir (Viread).
• Interferon Alfa-2b (Intron A) is an synthetic version of a substance produced by the body to fight infection.It is used by young people with hepatitis B who do not want to undergo long-term treatment.
• Liver transplant is surgery to remove injured liver and replace it in healthy one from another person.

3. Hepatitis C (HCV)

Hepatitis C is a contagious liver disease that ranges in severity from a mild illness.It lasts a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness.Hepatitis C is not spread through food or water and by hugging, breastfeeding, shaking hand, sneezing, coughing and sharing eating utensils.Hepatitis C Virus can survive outside the body for up to three weeks at room temperature or on environmental surfaces.Many people infected with the Hepatitis C virus do not know that they are infected because they do not feel sick.The average time of Hepatitis C symptoms occurs about six to seven  weeks after exposure.It can range from two weeks to six months.

Hepatitis C can be divided into :

• Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first six months after exposing to the hepatitis C virus.
• Chronic Hepatitis C Virus is a long-term illness that occurs when hepatitis C virus remains in the body of a person.People with chronic Hepatitis C are common to have a liver enzyme (ALT) level up and down or normal to near normal period.

Signs and symptoms of Hepatitis C

• Fever
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain
• Joint pain
• Dark urine
• Clay-colored bowel movement
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

Transmission of Hepatitis C

• Pregnant women infected with HBV can pass the virus to their babies during childbirth.
• Sharing needles, syringes and other equipments to inject drugs.
• Accidental needle sticks.
• Having Sexual contact with infected partner of hepatitis C virus.
• Sharing care items that may have contact with blood, such as toothbrush, razor.

Risk factors

• Multiple sex partners
• Mother infected with hepatitis C virus to infant born
• Current injection drug users
• Past injection drug users
• Recipients of donated blood, blood products and organs
• Hemodialysis patients
• HIV-infected person
• Having tattoos or body piercings

Diagnosis

Hepatitis C can be diagnosed by using some tests or procedure as follow :

• Blood Test is to measure liver function and liver enzyme (protein produced by the liver) level.
• Screening Test is  to show whether someone has developed antibodies to the Hepatitis C virus.
• A Liver Biopsy is a test to take a small piece of liver to look for liver damage.
• Liver Transplant is a surgical procedure to remove a diseased liver and replace it with a healthy liver from a donor.

Treatment of Hepatitis C

Treatment for Acute Hepatitis C can be done without treatment because it will clear on its own.

Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis C

• Medications

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved some drugs for chronic Hepatitis C :

• Ribavirin (CoPegus)
• Daclatasvir (Daklinza)
• Sofosbuvir, Velpatasvir (Epclusa)
• Ledipasvir (Harvoni)
• Telaprevir (Incivek)
• Interferon Alphacon-1 (Infergen)
• Interfeton Alpha-2b (Intron A)
• Simeprevir (Olysio)
• Boceprevir (Victrelis)
• Pegylated Interferon (Pegasys)
• Pegylated Interferon alpha-2b (Pegintron)
• Interferon Alpha-2a (Roferon)
• Boceprevir (Victrelis)
• Elbasvir (Zepatier)
• Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir and Ritonavir (Technivie)

4. Hepatitis D (HDV)

Hepatitis D or Delta Virus is an infection that causes the inflammation of liver.Hepatitis D is uncureable.It is common in the South America, Russia, West Africa, Pacific Islands, Central Asia and Mediterranean.The Hepatitis D virus requires that a person first be infected with Hepatitis B virus.Hepatitis D is divided into acute and chronic.Acute Hepatitis D may go away on its own.Chronic Hepatitis D infection lasts for six months or longer.The outcome of Hepatitis D depends on whether HDV is contracted as a co-infection or a superinfection.Co-infection happens when both HDV and HBV are contracted simultaneously.Co-infection of HDV and HBV is acute and self-limiting infections.

Signs and symptoms of Hepatitis D

• Vomiting
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Dark urine
• Abdominal pain
• Joint pain
• Jaundice (yellowing the skin and eyes)

Transmission of Hepatitis D

• Urine
• Blood
• Semen
• Vaginal fluids
• Pregnant women infected with hepatitis D to their babies during childbirth

Risk factors

• Having Hepatitis B
• Receiving blood transfusion frequently
• A man has sex with other men

Diagnosis

Hepatitis D can be diagnosed by using serologic test that is a blood test to look for antibodies in the blood.The diagnosis of delta hepatitis should be considered if positive Hepatitis B Virus is present.

• Blood Test is to evaluate liver by measuring protein levels, liver enzymes and bilirubin in the blood.
• Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is to detec total anti HDV antibodies.
• Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) is to detect the presence of a substance, usually an antingen, in a liquid sample or wet sample.
• Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is to monitor ongoing HDV infection.

Treatment

There are unknown treatment for acute and chronic Hepatitis D.There is no vaccine for Hepatitis D.
Interferon Alpha is only temporary to inhibit viral activity.


5. Hepatitis E (HEV)

Hepatitis E or hep E is a liver disease that is caused by Hepatitis E Virus.Most people with hepatitis E recover completely.Hepatitis E virus infection results in a self-limited, acute illness.Developed Countries are common to get HEV because they have inadequate water supply and  environmental sanitation.The symptoms of Hepatitis E occur about fifteen to sixty days after exposure.

There are four genotypes of HEV :

• Genotype 1 locates in Africa and Asia

The transmision route is spread by water-borne fecal-oral person to person.

• Genotype 2 locates in Mexico and West Africa

The transmision route is spread by water-borne fecal-oral.

• Genotype 3 locates in Developed Countries

The transmision route is spread by food-borne.

• Genotype 4 locates in China, Taiwan and Japan

The transmision route is spread by food-borne.

Signs and symptoms of Hepatitis E

• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain
• Joint pain
• Dark urine
• Clay-colored stool
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Itching
• Tingling, numbness and weaknes in the arms and legs

Transmission

• Faecal-oral route due to faecal contamination of drinking water
• Ingestion of raw or uncooked shellfish
• Uncooked meat or organ from infected animals

Diagnosis

• Blood Test is to measure liver function and liver enzyme (protein produced by the liver) level.It looks for antibodies (protein substances) produced by immune system of the body to fight the virus.The blood test for antibodies should distinguish infection from Hepatitis A or B.
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test is used to reproduce selected section of DNA or RNA for analysis.

Risk Factors

• Poor sanitation
• Lack of safe water
• Travelling to regions of high endemicity without being immunized

Treatment of Hepatitis E

• Get adequate rest
• Get enough nutrients
• Drink plenty of fluids
• Hospitalization is for severe cases or pregnant woman.
• Ribavirin Therapy is used for severe acute Hepatitis E in 21 days.

There is no specific treatment for Hepatitis E infection.It runs a limited course.

• Parasitic Hepatitis is caused by parasites, such as Protozoans, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania species and Malaria-causing Plasmodium.

• Bacterial Hepatitis is caused by bacteria.

Bacterial infection of the liver results in pyogenic abscesses, acute hepatitis, or chronic liver disease.

Pyogenic abscesses is caused by enteric bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Acute hepatitis is caused by  Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella henselae, Brucella species, Salmonella species and Campylobacter species.

Chronic hepatitis is infected by mycobacteria species, including Tropheryma whipplei, Treponema pallidum, Coxiella burnetii and rickettsia species.

II. Metabolic

• Alcoholic Hepatitis is caused by the exessive alcohol consumption.Development of alcoholic hepatitis is associated with long term of alcohol intake in excess of 80 grams of alcohol a day in men and 40 grams of alcohol a day in women.

Alcoholic hepatitis can vary from asymptomatic hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) to symptoms of acute hepatitis or chronic hepatitis to liver failure.

• Toxic and drug-induced Hepatitis is caused by chemical agents, including industrial toxins, medications and herbal and dietary supplements.

Toxins and drugs can cause liver injury through a variety of mechanisms, such as direct cell damage, disruption of cell metabolism and causing structural changes.

Drugs, such as :

Acetaminophen (aka Tylenol or paracetamol) exhibits predictable dose-dependent liver damage.

Isoniazid causes idiosyncratic and unpredictable reactions that vary among individuals.

III. Ischemic hepatitis (Shock liver) is resulted by injury to liver cells due to insufficient blood or oxygen.It rarely causes liver damage permanently.Blood testing of people with ischemic hepatitis will show very high transaminase Enzymes levels (AST and ALT).

IV. Genetic
Genetic causes of hepatitis include alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, hemochromatosis and Wilson disease.

Diagnosis of Hepatitis

• Physical Exam is to check the overall health.
• A Liver Biopsy is a test to take a small piece of liver to look for liver damage.
• Liver Function Test uses Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Amino transferase (AST), Albumin and Bilirubin tests.ALT and AST tests measure enzymes that the liver releases in response to damage or disease.
• Blood Test is to detect the presence of hepatitis virus antibodies and antingen in the blood.It will indicate the cause of hepatitis virus 
• Ultrasound is to reveal fluid in the abdomen, an enlarged liver or the damage of liver
• Viral Antibody Test is to determine the presence of a specific  type of hepatitis virus