Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) : Symptom, Risk Factor, Diagnosis, Treatment, And Drug

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic condition of mucosal damage caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the esophagus.The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach.The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen.The stomach receives food from the esophagus.GERD is caused by a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter.Reflux can be present without symptoms.

The Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) :

• Heart burn (a burning sensation in the chest)
• Regurgitation 
• Difficulty or pain when swallowing
• Chest pain
• Nausea
• Increased salivation (water brash)
• Dry cough
• Sore throat or hoarseness
• Inflammation of the gums
• Bad breath

The Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) :

• Obesity
• Smoking
• A high blood calcium level
• Dry mouth
• Asthma
• Diabetes
• Scleroderma and Systemic sclerosis
• Pregnancy
• Hiatal hernia
• Visceroptosis or Glenard syndrome
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
• Delayed stomach emptying
• The use of medicines, such as prednisolone

Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Syndrome (GERD) :

Some tests are done to diagnose GERD.

• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy  (EGD) is to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
• X-Ray of the upper digestive system.
• Endoscopy is to examine the inside of the esophagus.
• Ambulatory Acid (pH) Test is to monitor the amount of acid in the esophagus.
• Esophageal Impedance Test is to measure the movement of substances in the esophagus.

Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

1. Medications

• Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are to block acid production and heal the esophagus.They are stronger than H-2 Receptor Blockers.Proton pump inhibitors include Omeprazole (Prilosec, Zegerid OTC) dan Lansoprazole (Prevacid 24 HR).
• H-2 Receptor Blockers are to reduce acid production.They decrease acid production from the stomach for up to twelve hours.They also provide longer relief.H-2 Receptor Blockers include Nizatidine (Axid AR), Ranitidine (Zantac), Cimetidine (Tagamet AB), and Famotidine (Pepcid AC).
• Antacids are to neutralize stomach acid.They provide quick relief.Antacids include Mylanta, Rolaids, Maalox, Gelusil, Gaviscon, and Tums.The side effects of antacid are diarrhea and constipation.
• Sucralfate needs to be taken multiple times a day, thus limiting its use.It has a similar effectiveness to H-2 Receptor Blockers.

Prescription-Strength Medications are used for longer than two or three weeks or for the symptoms are not relieved.

• Baclofen is to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter, decrease the frequency of  relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter, and decrease gastroesophageal reflux.It can treat severe reflux disease.Its side effects are confusion and fatigue.
• Prescription-Strength Proton Pump Inhibitors include Dexlansoprazole (Dexilant), Esomeprazole (Nexium), Pantoprazole (Protonix), Rabeprazole (Aciphex), Lansoprazole (Prevacid), and Omeprazole (Prilosec, Zegerid OTC).

2. Surgery

• Laparoscopic Fundoplication (Nissen Fundoplication) is a surgical procedure to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease.It strengthens the valve between the esophagus and stomach (lower esophageal sphincter)
• Linx Device consists of a series of titanium beads, each with a magnetic core, connected together with titanium wires to form a ring shape.The Linx device is surgically implanted around the lower esophageal sphincter to strengthen a weak sphincter.The Linx device helps in preventing stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.It cannot prevent the movement of food or liquids down the esophagus into the stomach.

3. Lifestyle

• Stop smoking
• Don't lie down after a meal
• Avoid-tight-fitting clothing
• Elevate the head of the  bed about 6 to 8 inches
• Lose weight
• Decrease alcohol intake
• Decrease caffeine intake
• Avoid Theophylline

Drugs for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

• Mylanta
• Rolaids 
• Maalox
• Gelusil
• Gaviscon
• Tums
• Nizatidine (Axid AR)
• Ranitidine (Zantac)
• Cimetidine (Tagamet AB)
• Famotidine (Pepcid AC)
• Dexlansoprazole (Dexilant)
• Esomeprazole (Nexium)
• Pantoprazole (Protonix)
• Rabeprazole (Aciphex)
• Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
• Omeprazole (Prilosec, Zegerid OTC)

The Benefits Of Zucchini Help in Colon Cancer, Bone, Eyes, Heart, And Blood Pressure

Zucchini (cougette) contains omega-3 fatty acid, beta-carotene, lutein, zea-xhantin,carbohydrate, dietary fiber, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folate) vitamin C, calcium, manganese, potassium, magnesium, copper, iron, zinc, and phosphorus.It has antioxidant property.

The folate ingredient of zucchini is highly commendable for pregnant women.Zucchini is a fruit or a vegetable that can be eaten and cooked.The flesh, seeds, and skin of zucchini are edible.Young zucchini has a subtle taste, soft covering and buttery white flesh.A cup of chopped zucchini provides 24 percent of the recommended daily vitamin C intake for men and 29 percent of the recommended daily vitamin C intake for women, and 43 percent of the recommended daily lutein and zea-xhantin intake.

The Benefits of Zucchini

• Protects against colon cancer
• Treats benign prostatic hypertrophy in men
• Reduces constipation
• Loses weight
• Prevents neural tube defects in the fetus
• Decreases blood pressure
• Prevents scurvy
• Prevents atherosclerosis
• Treats asthma
• Prevents easy bruising
• Cures osteoarthritis
• Treats rheumatoid arthritis
• Reduces the risk of heart attack
• Lowers the risk of stroke
• Prevents diabetic heart disease
• Lowers high cholesterol levels
• Keeps the heart strong
• Gives feeling of fullness
• Promotes eyes health
• Lowers homocysteine levels
• Prevents aging process
• Metabolizes cholesterol
• Protects cells from free radicals
• Aids in nerve cell communication
• Keeps the tissues strong
• Prevents eyes from UV rays
• Prevents blindness
• Prevents the risk of age-related macular degeneration
• Promotes healthy bone tissue development
• Helps the body in producing collagen essential for efficient wound healing

The Research has shown that the nutrients of zucchini are effective in the prevention of diabetic heart disease and atherosclerosis.

Certain Studies concluded that The zucchini had certain properties to treat effectively the benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) in men.The prostatic hypertrophy is the prostate gland become enlarged in an odd shape and size, which can cause trouble with both sexual and urinary function.

Studies have already declared that fiber-rich foods like zucchini help in alleviating cancer conditions by washing away the cancer-causing toxins from cells in the colon.

The American Optometric Association notes that Intakes of at least 6 milligrams of lutein and zea-xhantin in zucchini per day can reduce the risks for age-related macular degeneration and blindness.

Institute of Medicine has set 12 percent of recommended daily manganese intake for women and 10 percent of recommended daily manganese intake for men to protect the tissues from harmful free radicals and support the function of glycosyltransferases that is a family of proteins to promote healthy bone tissue development.

The Benefits Of Cauliflower Help In Various Types Of Cancer, Brain, Weight, And Bone

Cauliflower contains beta-carotene, beta-crytoxhantin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid,  choline, omega-3 fatty acid, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, protein, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9, (folate), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E, vitamin K, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and sodium.

Cauliflower contains sulforaphane that is a sulfur compound to kill cancer stem cells and slow the growth of tumor.It has a rich  anti-inflammatory nutrients.Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is an anti-inflammatory compound that may operate at the genetic level to prevent the inflammatory responses at its foundational level.One serving of cauliflower provides 77 percent of daily vitamin C allowance.Cauliflower is extremely low in calorie, very low in carbohydrate and sugar.Cauliflower has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

The Benefits of Cauliflower

• Prevents prostate cancer
• Lowers the risk of colorectal cancer
• Inhibits the growth of breast cancer
• Lowers the risk of lung cancer
• Prevents liver cancer
• Prevents stomach cancer
• Improves kidney function
• Improves blood pressure
• Improves DNA methylation
• Helps in the development of brain
• Improves learning and memory
• Diminishes the brain's vulnerability to toxins during childhood
• Wards off heart disease
• Wards off brain disease
• Wards off weight gain
• Prevents diabetes
• Reduces oxidative stress in the body
• Fights against common cold
• Boosts the immunity system
• Keeps arteries and blood vessels free from plaque build-up
• Reduces the chances of developing leaky gut syndrome
• Reduces inflammation
• Loses weight
• Prevents osteoporosis
• Reduces constipation
• Balances hormones partially by reducing unhealthy levels of estrogen.
• Prevents cataract
• Prevents cardiovascular disease
• Prevents macular degeneration
• Keeps bad bacteria from overwhelming the digestive system and allows good bacteria to thrive
• Keeps the body from harmful bacteria and infections

According to The National Cancer Institute states that Indoles and isothiocyanates have been found to inhibit the development of cancer in several organs in rats and mice, includding the bladder, breast, colon, liver, lung, and stomach.

According to The World's Healthiest Food and Researchers have determined that The sulforaphane made from a glucosinolate, such as glucoraphanin in cauliflower can help in protecting the lining of the stomach.

According to The Linus Pauling Institute states that Cauliflower is a rich source of sulphur-containing glucosinolates to lower the risk of colorectal cancer and lung cancer.

Studies have demonstrated that cruciferous vegetables like cauliflower can inhibit effectively the development of chemically induced carcinogenesis that act as an anti-mutagen to halt tumor cells from further reproducing.

The Benefits Of Green Beans Act As Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Neuroprotective, And Antimicrobial Properties

Green beans contains beta-carotene, lutein, zea-xhantin, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin K, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, manganese, zinc, and iron.The flavonol miquelianin (quercetin 3-O-glucuronide) is found in green beans.Carotenoid gives pigment in green beans.It contains a high amount of chlorophyll.

Green beans contains three carotenoids, including beta-carotene, lutein and zea-xhantin.Beta-carotene is converted into retinol, which is the form of vitamin A essential for normal night vision.Lutein and zea-xhantin absorb blue light, which protects the eyes from damage caused by the high intensity light.One cup of boiled green beans provides 29 percent of daily vitamin A allowance.Women have to consume 90 micrograms of vitamin k daily and men have to consume 120 micrograms of vitamin k daily.A cup of green beans provides 20 percent of daily vitamin k allowance, 10 percent of daily vitamin B9 (folic acid) allowance, 6 percent of daily iron allowance, and 4 percent of daily calcium allowance.

Green beans contains flavonoids, such as catechins, epicatechins, quercetin, and kaempferol.Catechins help in reducing body fat.Epicatechins improve heart health, prevent cancer and diabetes.Procyanidins act as antioxidant.Green beans has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic properties.

The other names of green beans

• String beans
• Snap beans
• French beans
• Fine beans

The Benefits of Green beans

• Promotes fertility
• Prevents colorectal cancer
• Protects infants against neural tube defects
• Prevents heart disease
• Prevents blood clots in the arteries and veins
• Prevents the loss of mineral
• Fights against flu
• Protects the eyes from hight intensity light
• Prevents depression
• Regulates mood
• Regulates appetite
• Reduces urinary excretion of calcium
• Decreases bone fracture risk
• Prevents obesity
• Reduces body fat
• Prevents diabetes
• Fights against cold
• Lowers the risk of the hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis)
• Reduces stroke
• Prevents vision deterioration
• Prevents osteoporosis
• Prevents constipation
• Prevents acid reflux disease
• Prevents hemorrhoids
• Prevents ulcers
• Keeps DNA production and cell division at optimum level
• Protects against macular degeneration
• Protects eyes health from UV rays by absorbing into the retina
• Neutralizes harmful free radicals
• Helps in keeping the system flushed from toxins

According to Harvard Medical School's Harvard Health Publications stated that For women of child-bearing age consumed more iron from plants sources, such as green beans, spinach, pumpkin, and beans to promote fertility.

Recent Studies have shown The consumption of green beans is beneficial for preventing pre-cancerous polyps that commonly lead to colon cancer.

Another Study showed that Green and yellow vegetables might lower the risk of heart disease and the hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis).

Studies have shown that Flavonoids in green beans play an important role in the prevention of cancer and heart disease, while offering a wide range of pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects.

The Benefits Of Asparagus Protect Against Colon, Lung, Breast, Stomach, Cervical, And Pancreatic Cancers

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) contains protein, omega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid, choline, betaine, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9, (folate), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E, vitamin K, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, selenium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper.

Glutathione in asparagus may help in protecting against certain cancers, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, bone cancer, and lung cancer.Thiamine in asparagus can aid the body convert carbohydrate to energy, which is important for metabolism, focus, and strength.Asparagus is a spring vegetable, a flowering perennial plant species.It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Amino acids in asparagus include

• Tryptophan
• Aspartic acid
• Glutamic acid
• Leucine
• Alanine
• Glycine
• Proline
• Serine
• Lysine
• Valine
• Arginine
• Histidine
• Tryrosine
• Cystine
• Phenylalanine
• Threonine
• Isoleucine
• Methionine

The Benefits of Asparagus

• Prevents hardening of the arteries
• Lowers risk of colon cancer
• Protects against bone cancer
• Protects against breast cancer
• Fights against lung cancer
• Protects against stomach cancer
• Protects against cervical cancer
• Protects against pancreatic cancer
• Reduces type 2 diabetes
• Decreases heart disease
• Slows the aging process
• Prevents skin from sun damage and pollution
• Promotes the production of urine
• Treats urinary tract infections
• Cures pain and swelling
• Lowers risk of allergies
• Decreases the risk of neural-tube defects in fetuses
• Aids in forming red blood cells
• Produces DNA
• Helps the building block of the human body, which carries genetic information
• Improves digestion
• Helps the function of liver
• Cleanses digestive tract
• Lowers risk of stroke
• Lowers risk of obesity
• Lowers risk of hypertension
• Overcomes fatigue and exhaustion
• Improves energy
• Rids toxins, pathogens from the body
• Regulates mood
• Regulates sleep
• Wards off depression
• Regulates appetite
• Maintains the strength and elasticity of bones and joints
• Prevents osteoporosis
• Increases urine output
• Prevents constipation
• Decreases cholesterol levels
• Loses weight
• Improves insulin sensitivity
• Decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease
• Protects against miscarriage in pregnant women
• Breaks down free radicals

According to The Department of Internal Medicine and Nutritional Sciences Program of The University of Kentucky states that High fiber intakes of asparagus are associated with significantly lowers risks of developing of coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, obesity, diabetes, and certain gastrointestinal diseases.

Researchers believe that Folate's protective effects have something to do with its role in DNA and RNA production and the prevention of unwanted mutations.

Researchers know now that Asparagus nutrition can help in maintaining a healty pregnancy.

Researchers have concluded that Another benefit of asparagus nutrition can treat urinary tracts infections and other conditions of the urinary tract that cause pain and swelling.

The Studies have demonstated that Vitamin K in asparagus can not only  increase bone mineral density in osteoporotic people but also reduce fracture rates.

The Benefits Of Turnip Act Anticancer, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antiparasitic, Antioxidant, And Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Turnip green (Brassica rapa) contains omega-3 fatty acid (alpha-linolenic acid/ALA), carbohydrate, dietary fiber, protein, beta-carotene, lutein, zea-xhantin, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, manganese, copper, sodium, and iron.The phytonutrients of turnip include kaempferol, quercetin, hydroxycinnamic acid, and myricetin, which help in lowering the risk of oxidative stress.Glucosinolates, such as glucotropaeolin and gluconasturtiian in turnip are responsible for many health benefits.

Turnip is a root vegetable grown in temperate climate for its white, bulbous taproot.Both turnip leaves and roots have a pungent flavor.One cup of turnip green provides over 600 percent of daily vitamin k need.Tunip has anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties.

The Benefits of Turnip

• Reduces the risk of colorectal cancer
• Reduces the risk of lung cancer
• Prevents bladder cancer
• Prevents breast cancer
• Prevents prostate cancer
• Prevents ovarian cancer
• Enhances the body's detox system
• Fights against Alzheimer's disease
• Lowers levels of high blood pressure
• Fights against Parkinson's disease
• Improves liver function
• Fights free radical damage
• Boosts the immunity system
• Reduces inflammation
• Fights against heart disease
• Fights against diabetes
• Fights against arthritis
• Slows aging process
• Lowers LDL cholesterol levels
• Prevents heart attack or stroke
• Prevents bone breaks
• Decreases the risk of and progression of age-related macular degeneration
• Reduces effects of light scatter on visual performance
• Protects against photochemical reactions
• Decresses the prevalence in flare-ups of diverticulitis
• Improves endothelial dysfunction
• Inhibits platelet aggregation
• Prevents constipation
• Prevents obesity
• Loses weight
• Decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease
• Prevents harmful homocysteine build-up within the arteries

According to A 2013 Study published in The British Journal of Pharmacology stated that Food containing dietary nitrates like turnip and collard greens had been shown to have multiple vascular benefits, including  reducing blood pressure, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and improving endothelial dysfunction.

According to A Tissue Culture Study published in the March 2012 Issue of The International Journal of Oncology, stated that Brassinin in turnip helped in killing human colon cancer cells.

Studies show that Cruciferous and leafy green vegetables like turnip are most closely tied to the prevention of bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer.

According to the November 2012 Issue of The Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, states that Turnip has the second highest level of glucosinolates among nine different cruciferous vegetables studied.Glucosinolate in turnip sprouts have anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic benefits.Glucosinolate is a large group of sulfur-containing glucoside molecules.

According to A 2011 Report published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition states that Cruciferous vegetable like turnip intake is inversely associated with risk of mortality due to heart disease in both women and men.

Recent Studies have shown that Dietary fiber in turnip may play a role in regulating the immune system and inflammation, consequently decreasing the risk of cardivascular disease, obesity, cancer, and diabetes.

The Benefits Of Sumac Acts Antioxidant, Antifungal, Antimicrobial, Anti-Haemorrhoidal, Antiseptic, And Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Sumac (Rhus coriaria) contains omega-3 fatty acid, protein, fiber, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), malic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.It has antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.Sumac is used as a spice and a herb.It can be used for culinary and medicinal purposes.

Wild sumac contains calcium malate, fisetine, dihydrofisetin, tannic, gallic-acid-methyleser, tartaric acid, and iodine.An infusion of sumac leaves can be used to treat asthma, stomatosis, and diarrhea.Sumac leaves are useful for sore gums by chewing and sore lips by rubbing.Powdered bark of sumac is made as an antiseptic salve.An infusion of sumac blossoms can be used to wash the sore eyes.

Sumac is a shrub or small tree from 6 to 15 feet high with large pinnate leaves.Its flower is very small, greenish, creamy white or red with five petals.The fruits form dense clusters of reddish drupes.Fruits, bark, root and leaves of sumac are useful for medicinal purposes.

The Benefits of Sumac

• Prevents cancer
• Prevents heart disease
• Lowers blood pressure
• Improves circulation of blood
• Treats tuberculosis (TB)
• Prevents aging process
• Reduces prostate inflammation
• Treats gout
• Cures rheumatoid arthritis
• Treats fever
• Cures respiratory infections
• Helps in drying out the sinuses in colds
• Treats allergies
• Cures sinus infections
• Treats chickenpox
• Cures measles
• Reduces hemorrhoids
• Decreases atherosclerosis
• Reduces varicose veins
• Treats diabetes
• Reduces nervousness
• Cures fever
• Reduces anxiety
• Treats dysentery
• Reduces headache
• Improves concentration
• Reduces mental fatigue
• Treats diarrhea
• Cures colitis
• Treats gastritis
• Increases the secretion of breast milk
• Treats cold
• Cures sore mouth and throat
• Treats rectal bleeding
• Cures bladder inflammation
• Treats painful urination
• Cures retention of urine
• Treats asthma
• Cures skin rashes
• Treats dysmenorrhoea (painful menstruation)
• Cures febrile disease
• Prevents stroke
• Lowers cholesterol levels
• Treats tonsilitis
• Cures gonorrhea
• Treats flu
• Cures bronchitis
• Relieves stomach upset
• Decreases obesity
• Treats aspergillosis

According to F.Candan and A.Sokmen, Authors of a 2004 Study published in the Phytotherapy Research say that Sumac has strong antioxidant activity against cell-damaging free radicals.

According to O.Singh, lead author for a 2011 Study published in The German Bioscience Journal Zeitschrift Fuer Naturforschung said that The seeds of sumac (Rhus choriaria) might have antifungal action that was effective the human pathogen Aspergillus flavus.

According to G.T.Gunduz, lead author for a 2010 Study published in The International Journal of Food Microbiology says that Rhus choriaria (sumac) may have antimicrobial activiy that can combat Salmonella typhimurium.

A Study published in The Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research in 2014 reported that Patients with type 2 diabetes might be able to reap a range of health benefits by adding sumac to their diets.

A Study carried out by Scientists at The Sacred Heart School of Montreal, Canada, concluded that Tannins extracted from sumac appeared to possess potent antimigratory properties and might offer potential anti-atherosclerosis  benefits.

The Benefits Of Allspice Act As Antioxidant, Antiseptic, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Flatulent, Rubefacient, And Carminative Properties

Allspice contains omega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid, dietary fiber, protein, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, copper, sodium, iron, selenium, and zinc.It has antioxidant, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anti-flatulent, rubefacient, and carminative properties.

The chemical compounds in allspice include eugenol, tannins, quercetin, methyleugenol, glycosides, carryophyllene, sesquiterpenes, and resin.Eugenol gives pleasant, sweet aromatic fragrances to the allspice.It has local anesthetic and antiseptic properties.Allspice is the dried unripe fruit that is used as a spice.Allspice is used for culinary and medicinal purposes.Allspice can combat bacteria, viruses, and fungi.The leaves and wood of allspice are useful for smoking meats.Iron in allspice is an important co-factor for cytochrome-oxidase enzymes during cellular metabolism.Manganese is as a co-factor for antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase.

The other names of allspice

• Jamaica pepper
• Myrtle pepper
• English pepper
• Turkish Yenibahar
• Pimenta

The Benefits of Allspice

• Increases the motility of the gastrointestinal tract
• Controls heart rate
• Reduces blood pressure level
• Decreases inflammatory and swelling 
• Reduces mild headache
• Treats  gums
• Cures fatulence
• Reduces sinusitis
• Relieves indigestion
• Enhances the circulation of blood and secretions within the body
• Cures arthritis
• Treats sore muscles
• Enhances the develpment of cells
• Relieves gas
• Treats bloating
• Cures muscle cramps and bone fragments
• Treats stings
• Cures wounds quickly
• Strengthens the immunity system
• Reduces cold
• Lessens pain joints
• Increases the mood
• Normalizes blood sugar levels
• Slows down aging process
• Treats diarrhea
• Cures menstrual cramps
• Eliminates nausea
• Makes skin feel warmer
• Treats fatigue
• Lessens toothache
• Fights bacterial and fungal infections
• Increases the mechanism defense
• Enhances cellular regrowth
• Enhances digestion of food
• Develops resistance against free radicals

Recent Research Studies have shown that Allspice oil mixed with extractions from garlic and oregano can work against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and L.monocytogenes infections.

Caution

• The consumption of allspice excessively may cause central nervous system depression, gastrointestinal irritation, and seizures.
• Allspice may cause serious allergic reactions in hypersensitive people.
• Dont mix allspice with drugs or iron supplements.
• Pregnant women and breastfeeding women are not recommended to consume allspice.
• People suffering for stomach ulcers, diverticulitis conditions, and ulcerative colitis should avoid to consume allspice.

The Benefits Of Cumin Act As Anticarcinogenic, Antioxidant, Antifungal, Antimicrobial, And Anti-Flatulent Properties

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) contains carbohydrate, dietary fiber, protein, lutein, zea-xanthin, beta-carotene, choline, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, manganese, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, copper, iron, selenium, and zinc.It has antioxidant,  carminative, anti-flatulent, anti microbial, and antifungal properties.

The essential oil of cumin seeds include 

• Cymene, 
• Terpenoids, 
• Cuminaldehyde : 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde
• Pyrazines : 2-ethoxy-3-isopropylpyrazine, 2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine,2-methoxy-3-methylpyrazine.
• Y-terpinene
• Beta-pinene
• P-cymene
• Safranal
• Thymol

Cuminaldehyde in cumin seed has anti microbial and antifungal properties that fight against Escherichia coli and Penicillium chrysogenum.It has a warm aroma due to its essential oil content.Cumin is a spice for its distinctive flavour and aroma that can be used as culinary purpose.Curmin is a flowering plant that is used as a traditional medicinal plant.It can be used as ground and as seed.

The Benefits of Cumin

• Prevents diabetes
• Prevents colon cancer
• Controls heart rates
• Controls blood pressure
• Cures weak memory
• Staves off common cold
• Improves appetite
• Improves digestion
• Relieves stomach ache
• Relieves gas troubles
• Heals wounds
• Decreases in glucosuria
• Helps in inducing a sound sleep
• Relieves stress and anxiety
• Prevents insomnia
• Eliminates phlegm and mucus
• Treats asthma
• Cures bronchitis
• Strengthens the immunity system
• Increases secretion of milk in lactating women
• Prevents anemia
• Decreases Alzheimer's disease
• Decreases dementia
• Prevents the signs of premature aging like wrinkles and sagging skin
• Keeps skin young and shiny
• Speeds up the metabolism
• Removes toxins from the body
• Treats renal coli
• Improves gut motility
• Produces red blood cells
• Increases sexual desire
• Treats diarrhea
• Cures colic
• Treats bowel spasm
• Increases the flow of urine
• Relieves bloating
• Treats menstrual problem
• Cures fluid retention
• Treats chronic fever
• Cures vomiting
• Treats swelling
• Treats flatulence
• Cures insect bites and painful stings
• Stimulates the function and activity of white blood cells
• Reduces pimples
• Reduces rashes
• Reduces boils
• Treats fatigue
• Fights viral, fungal, bacterial infections
• Treats piles

A Review of Scientific Studies published in 2005 in The International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition confirmed that A number of spices, such as cumin might aid hypoglycemia

A Study on rats by Researchers at Mysore University, published in The Indian Journal of Medical Research in 2004, found that Cumin was useful for dyspepsia and diarrhea.

Side effects of Cumin

• Pregnant women and breasfeeding women are not recommended to consume cumin.
• People in bleeding disorders should not take cumin because it can slow blood clotting.
• Stop consuming cumin during or after surgery.

The Benefits Of Juniper Act As Antioxidant, Antiseptic, Astingent, Antirheumatic, Diuretic, Antibacterial, And Vulnerary Properties

Juniper (Juniperus  communis) oil has antispasmodic, antiseptic, diuretic, antirheumatic, astringent, carminative, depurative, and vulnerary properties.It can be used for medicinal purposes and culinary purposes.

Juniper oil is composed of the main chemical component, including  alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, camphene, bornyl acetate, cayophyllene, alpha-phellandrene, beta-phellandrene, a-terpinene, y-terpinene, myrcene, terpinen-4-ol, 1,4-cineole, and p-cymene.Oil of juniper has trace amounts of camphor, linalool, borneol, limonene, nerol, and linalyl acetate.

Juniper is evergreen with needle-like blue-green leaves, small yellow flowers, and short reddish-brown trunks.It is aromatic and can be used as a spice.Juniper fruits are blue and some species are red-brown or orange.The essential oil of juniper is traditionally steam-distilled from the needles, twigs, wood, and berries.

The Benefits of Juniper

• Treats diabetes
• Reduces blood pressure
• Increases activity of the brain
• Increases frequency and volume of urination
• Manages the herpes simplex virus
• Treats gonorrhea
• Treats kidney stone
• Cures the enlargement of the prostate gland
• Prevents cellulite formation
• Treats stomach ulcers
• Cures wounds and cuts faster
• Relieves swelling
• Improve blood circulation
• Helps in removing the toxic like uric acid and excess salt from the body
• Treats cramps
• Regulates menstrual cycle in women
• Cures spasmodic cholera
• Reduces the chances of hemorrhaging
• Cures tootache
• Stops hair loss
• Relieves dandruff
• Strengthens the grip of gums on the teeth
• Treats diarrhea
• Relieves arthritis
• Tightens loose muscles
• Helps in the removal of gases from intestines
• Purifies blood
• Keeps skin healthy
• Prevents acne
• Increases secretion of milk
• Helps in retaining youth for a long time
• Relieves stress and anxiety
• Relieves gout
• Relieves muscle fatigue
• Treat psoriasis
• Cures eczema
• Treats dermatitis
• Fights renal calculi
• Protects stomach upset
• Protects intestinal fermentation
• Protects colitis
• Soothes digestive upset
• Cures urinary tract infections
• Overcomes dizziness
• Overcomes  depression
• Increases sweat
• Relives swollen joints
• Relieves mental fatigue

The Study from The Universite Tunis-El Manar in Tunisia published in Natural Product Research in 2011 tested The chemical compounds of juniper berries and concluded that they might be useful against brain and blood vessels diseases.

Another Report from Shiraz University of  Medical Sciences in Iran published Pharmacognosy Research in 2010 found that The essential oil of juniper berries possessed impressive antioxidant effects and the ability to sweep up damaging free radicals.

A German Study published in The International Peer-Reviewed Journal "Natural Product Communications in 2010 analyzed that The chemical composition of juniper berries oil and concluded that Juniper oil inhibited the activity of bacteria and was potential as an effective antibacterial tool.

According to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center stated that Juniper berries traditionally were also used for treating urinary tract infections, heart failure, and gonorrhea.

Side Effects Of Juniper

• Pregnant women are not recommended to consume juniper because it can lead to miscarriage.
• The consumption of juniper berries excessively may cause diarrhea, blood in the urine, kidney damage, DNA damage, and convulsions.
• Breastfeeding women and very young children are not recommended to take juniper berries.
• People in kidney or liver disease should refrain from using juniper berry oil.

Gallbladder Cancer : Symptom, Risk Factor, Diagnosis, Stage, Treatment, And Drug

Gallbladder Cancer is cancer cells found in the tissues of gallbladder.It is uncommon cancer.The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that lies under the liver in the upper abdomen.The wall of gallbladder has three main layers of tissue, such as mucosal (inner) layer, muscularis (middle, muscle) layer, and serosal (outer) layer.Gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect and diagnose because the symptoms of gallbladder cancer are like the symptoms of other diseases, Its symptoms or its signs cannot be found in the early stages, and it is hidden behind the liver.

The Signs and Symptoms of Gallbladder Cancer 

• Yellowing of skin and whitish of the eyes (jaundice)
• Weakness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Lumps in the abdomen
• Bloating
• Pain above the stomach or abdominal pain
• Weight loss
• Dark urine
• Itchy skin
• Swelling in the belly

Risk Factors of Gallbladder Cancer

• Gender, it is common in women than men.
• Family history of gallbladder cancer
• Obesity
• Chronic thypoid infection of gallbladder
• Chronic Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis
• Various single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
• Older age
• Ethnicity and Geography
• Industrial and Environmental Chemicals

Diagnosis

Some tests and procedures are used to diagnose gallbladder cancer.

• Medical History is to get information about Patient"s health habit, past illness, and treatment.
• Physical Exam is to examine the body from signs or symptoms of gallbladder cancer.
• Liver Function Test  is a test in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by the liver.
• Carcinoembryonic Antingen (CEA) Assay is a test to measure the level of CEA in the blood.
• CA 19-9 Assay is a test to measure the level of CA 19-9 in the blood.
• Blood Chemistry Study is a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood  the organs and tissues in the body.
• Computed Tomography (CT) scan is a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the chest, abdomen, and pelvis taken from different angles.
• Ultrasound Exam is a procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes.
• Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) is a procedure that uses x-ray to the liver, and bile ducts.
• Chest X-Ray is an x-ray of organs and bones inside the chest.
• Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is  a procedure that uses x-ray to the ducts that carry bile from liver to the gallbladder and from gallbladder to the small intestine.

The Stage of Gallbladder Cancer

• Stage 0 (Carcinoma In Situ) : Abnormal cells are found in the inner (mucosal) layer of the gallbladder.
• Stage I : Cancer has formed and has spread beyond the inner (mucosal) layer to a layer of tissue with blood vessels or to the muscle layer.
• Stage II : Cancer has spread beyond the muscle layer to the connective tissue around the muscle.
• Stage IIIA : Cancer has spread through the thin layers of tissue that cover the gallbladder and/or to the liver and/to one nearby organ, including the stomach, the small intestine, the colon, the pancreas or the bile ducts outside the liver.
• Stage IIIB : Cancer has spread nearby lymph nodes beyond the inner (mucosal) layer to a layer of tissue with blood vessels or to the muscle layer or beyond the muscle layer to the connective tissue around the muscle or through the thin layers of tissue that cover the gallbladder and/or to the liver and/to one nearby organ, including the stomach, the small intestine, the colon, the pancreas or the bile ducts outside the liver.
• Stage IVA : Cancer has spread to a main blood vessel of the liver or to two or more nearby organs or areas other than liver.Cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.
• Stage IVB : Cancer has spread to either lymph nodes along large arteries in the abdomen and/or near the lower part of the backbone or to organs or areas far way from the gallbladder.

The Treatment of Gallbladder Cancer

1. Surgery

• Cholecystectomy is  to remove the gallbladder and some of tissues around it.
• Surgical Biliary bypass is done if the tumor is blocking the small intestine and bile is building up in the gallbladder.
• Endoscopic Stent Placement is done if the tumor is blocking bile ducts and puts in a stent to drain bile that has built up in the area.
• Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage is done to drain bile when there is a blockage and endoscopic stent placement is impossible.

2. Radiation Therapy is a treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing.There are two types of radiation therapy.External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer.Internal radiation therapy uses a radiactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer.

3. Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing.

4. RadioSensitizers are drugs to make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy.

5. Hyperthermia Therapy is a treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy and certain anticancer drugs.

Drugs for Gallbladder Cancer

• Fluorouracil (5-FU)
• Capecitabine (Xeloda)
• Gemcitabine (Gemzar)
• Cisplatin (Platinol)
• Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin)

The side effects of these drugs

• Hair loss
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Sore mouth
• Easy bruising

Colorectal Cancer : Symptom, Risk Factor, Diagnosis, Stage, Treatment, And Drug

Colorectal Cancer (Colon Cancer) is the development of cancer in the colon or rectum.It is a disease originating from the epithelial cells lining the colon.The colon is the last part of digestive system.The colon consists of four sections, such as the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.

The Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer

• Blood in the stool
• Unexplained weight loss
• Tiredness all time
• A change in bowel movements
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Worsening constipation
• Decreasing in stool caliber (thickness)
• Frequent gas pains 
• Bloating
• Diarrhea
• Cramps
• Feeling fullness

Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer

• Family history of colon cancer
• Older age
• Male gender
• Race
• Lifestyle
• A diet high in red, processed meat
• Fat intake highly
• Tobacco smoking
• Alcohol
• Exposure to radiation
• Inherited genetic disorders, such as Familial adenomatous polyposis
• Lack of physical activity
• Colon polyps
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Other diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease ; Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis

Diagnosis

Some tests and procedures are used to diagnose the colon cancer.

• Medical History is to get information about Patient"s health habit, past illness, and treatment.
• Physical Examination is to examine the body from signs or symptoms of colon cancer.
• Digital Rectal Exam is an exam of rectum.
• Fecal Occult Blood Test is a test to check the stool (solid waste) for blood that can onlybe seen with a microscope.
• Multitarget Stool DNA Screening Test is a noninvasive test used to screen for the presence of colorectal cancer or precancerous lesions.
• Barium Enema is a series of x-rays of the lower of gastrointestinal tract.
• Sigmoidoscopy is a procedure to look inside the rectum and sigmoid colon for polyps, other abnormal areas, or cancer.
• Colonoscopy is a procedure to look inside the rectum and colon for polyps, other abnormal areas, or cancer.
• Virtual Colonoscopy is a procedure that uses  a seies of x-rays or computed tomography (CT) to make a series of pictures of the colon.
• Biopsy is the removal of cells or tissues and looked under a microscope.
• Computed Tomography (CT) scan produces detailed cross-sectional images of the body and determines the location and size of colorectal cancer and whether they have spread to nearby areas.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan provides very detailed images of colon and looks for cancer in the colon or cancer that has spread to nearby parts of body.
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan is a radioactive substance is injected into the blood
• Ultra sound uses sound waves to create images of parts of the body.
• Chest X-Ray is an x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest.
• Surgery is a procedure to remove the tumor and see how far cancer has spread through colon.
• Lymph Node Biopsy is the removal of all or part of a lymph node.
• Complete Blood Count is a procedure in which a blood sample is drawn and checked for the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Carcinoembryonic Antingen (CEA) Assay is a test to measure the level of CEA in the blood.

The Stage of Colon Cancer

• Stage 0 (Carsinoma In Situ) : Abnormal cells are found in the mucosa (innermost layer) and the colon wall.

• Stage I : Cancer has spread from the mucosa of the colon wall to the muscle layer.

• Stage IIA : Cancer has spread through the muscle layer of the colon wall to the serosa (outermost layer) of the colon wall.

• Stage IIB : Cancer has spread through the serosa of the colon wall but has not spread to nearby organs.

• Stage IIC : Cancer has spread through the serosa of the colon wall to nearby organs.

• Stage IIIA : Cancer has spread through the mucosa of the colon wall to the submucosa and may have spread to the muscle layer.Cancer has spread to one to three nearby lymph nodes or tissues near the lymph nodes or Cancer has spread through the mucosa to the submucosa and four to six nearby lymph nodes.

• Stage IIIB : Cancer has spread through the muscle layer of the colon wall to the serosa.Cancer has spread through the serosa but not to nearby organs.It has spread through one to three nearby lymph nodes or tissues near the lymph nodes.Or Cancer has spread through the muscle layer or to the serosa, and to four to six nearby lymph nodes.Or Cancer has spread through the mucosa of the colon wall to the submucosa and may have spread through the muscle layer.It has spread to seven or more nearby lymph nodes.

• Stage IIIC : Cancer has spread through the serosa of the colon wall but not to nearby organs.It has spread four to six nearby lymph nodes.Or Cancer has spread through the muscle layer of the colon wall to the serosa or Cancer has spread through the serosa of the colon wall but not to nearby organs.It has spread to seven or more nearby lymph nodes.Or Cancer has spread through the serosa to nearby organs and to one or more nearby lymph nodes or to tissues near the lymph nodes.

• Stage IV : The cancer has spread through the blood and lymph nodes to other parts of the body, such as the lung, the liver,the abdominal wall or the ovary.

The Standard Treatments Of Colon Cancer

1. Surgery is the removal of cancer cells in operation.

• Local Excision is the removal of cancer without cutting through the abdominal wall if the cancer is found in the very early stage.
• Resection of the colon with Anastomosis is removing of the cancer and a small amount of healthy tissue around it if the cancer is larger and then sewing the healthy parts of the colon together.

2. Radio Frequency Ablation is the use of a special probe with electrodes that kill cancer cells.

3. Cryosurgery is a treatment that uses an instrument to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue.

4. Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing.Chemoembolization of the hepatic artery is to treat cancer that has spread to the liver.

5. Radiation Therapy is a treatment that uses high-energy x-ray or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing.There are two types of radiation therapy.External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer.Internal radiation therapy uses a radiactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer.

6. Targeted Therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells.

The Stage Treatments Of Colon Cancer

The Treatment of Stage 0 includes

• Local excision or simple polypectomy.
• Resection and Anastomosis.

The Treatment of Stage I includes

• Resection and Anastomosis.

The Treatment of Stage II includes

• Resection and Anastomosis.

The Treatment of Stage III includes

• Resection and Anastomosis which may be followed by chemotherapy.
• Clinical trials of new chemotherapy regiments after surgery.

The Treatment of Stage IV includes

• Local excision for tumors that have recurred.
• Resection with or without Anastomosis
• Surgery to remove parts of other organs, such as the liver, the lungs, and the ovaries where the cancer may have recurred or spread

The treatment for the cancer has spread to the liver includes

• Chemotherapy is given before surgery to shrink the tumor.Chemotherapy is done after surgery or both before and after surgery.
• Radiofrequency Ablation or Cryosurgery for patuents who cannot have surgery.
• Chemoembolization of the hepatic artery.
• Radiation Therapy or Chemotherapy is offered to some patients to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
• Chemotherapy and/or Targeted Therapy with a monoclonal antibody or an angiogenesis inhibitor.
• Clinical trials of chemotherapy and/or Targeted Therapy

Drugs For Colon Cancer approved by The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

• Avastin ( Bevacizumab)
• Bevacizumab
• Camptosar (Irinotecan Hydrochloride)
• Capecitabine
• Cetuximab
• Cyramza (Ramucirumab)
• Eloxatin (Oxaliplatin)
• Erbitux (Cetuximab)
• 5-FU (Fluorouracil Injection)
• Fluorouracil Injection
• Irinotecan Hydrochloride
• Leucovorin Calcium
• Lonsurf (Trifluridine and Tipiracil Hydrochloride)
• Oxaliplatin
• Panitumumab
• Ramucirumab
• Regorafenib
• Stivarga (Regorafenib)
• Trifluridine and Tipiracil Hydrochloride
• Vectibix (Panitumumab)
• Wellcovorin (Leucovorin Calcium)
• Xeloda (Capecitabine)
• Zaltrap (Ziv-Aflibercept)
• Ziv-Aflibercept

Drug Combinations for Colon Cancer

• Capox
• Folfiri
• Folfiri-Bevacizumab
• Folfiri-Cetuximab
• Folfox
• FU-LV
• Xeliri
• Xelox

Prevention of Colon Cancer

• Increased surveillance.
• Comsumption of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.
• Reducing red meat intake.
• Physical exercises regularly.

Thyroid Cancer : Type, Symptom, Risk Factor, Diagnosis, Stage, Treatment, And Drug

Thyroid Cancer is a cancer that begins in the thyroid gland.The thyroid is a large ductless gland in the neck that secrets hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism.The thyroid gland has two main types of cells.Follicular cells use iodine from the blood to make thyroid hormones, which help in regulating a person's metabolism.Parafollicular cells make calcitonin that a hormone helps in controlling how the body uses calcium.Thyroid nodules are lumps or bumps in the thyroid gland.The thyroid cannot be felt and seen in the most people.

The Types of Thyroid Cancers

1. Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

• Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC) tends to grow very slowly and usually develops in only one lobe of the thyroid gland.
• Follicular Thyroid Cancer (FTC) spreads to other parts of body, such as the bones and lungs.

2. Undifferentiated Thyroid Cancer

• Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC) develops from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.Sometimes it can spread into lymph nodes, the lungs or liver even before a thyroid nodule is discovered.
• Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (ATC) often spreads quickly into the neck and to other parts of the body.It sometimes develops from an existing palpillary or follicular cancer.It is very difficult to treat.

The Signs or Symptoms of Thyroid Cancer

• A lump in front of the neck , sometimes growing quickly.
• Swollen glands in the neck.
• Pain in the throat or neck, sometimes going up to the ears.
• Hoarseness.
• Difficulty in swallowing.
• Trouble breathing.
• A constant cough that is not due to a cold.

The Risk Factors of Thyroid Cancer

• Age
• Gender
• Family history of thyroid cancer
• A diet low in iodine
• Exposure to ionizing radiation
• Certain inherited medical conditions, such as cowden disease, corney complex type I, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

Diagnosis

Some tests are performed to diagnose the thyroid cancer as follow :

• Medical history and physical exam are to get more informations about family of having thyroid cancer and examine possible symptoms of thyroid cancer and any other health problems.
• Biopsy is a test in which cells from the suspicious area are removed and looked under a microscope.
• Computed Tomography (CT) scan produces detailed cross-sectional images of the body and determines the location and size of thyroid cancer and whether they have spread to nearby areas.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan provides very detailed images of thyroid gland and looks for cancer in the thyroid or cancer that has spread to nearby parts of body.
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan is a radioactive substance is injected into the blood.
• Ultra sound uses sound waves to create images of parts of the body.It can determine if a thyroid nodule is solid or filled with fluid.
• Radioiodine scan is to determine if someone with a lump in the neck might have thyroid cancer.
• Chest X-Ray is to see if cancer has spread to the lungs.
• Vocal Cord Exam (Laryngoscopy) is a procedure to see if the vocal cords are moving normally.
• Blood Tests help in showing if the thyroid is working normally.Carcinoembryonic antingen (CEA) is high blood levels of  a protein.Test for CEA sometimes helps in finding medullary thyroid cancer.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is blood test to check the overall activity of the thyroid gland.

THE STAGES OF THYROID CANCER

The Stages of Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancers in patients younger than 45 years old

• Stage I : The tumor is any size, may be in the thyroid or may have spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes.Cancer has not spread into the other parts of the body.
• Stage II : The tumor is any size and has spread from the thyroid into the other parts of the body, such as the lungs, or bone and may have spread to lymph nodes

The Stages of Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancers in patients 45 years old and older

• Stage I  : Cancer is found only in the thyroid.Cancer is 2 centimeters or smaller.

• Stage II : Cancer is found only in the thyroid.Cancer is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters.
• Stage III : Cancer is found only in the thyroid and cancer is larger than 4 centimeters or cancer is any size and has spread to tissues just outside the thyroid, but not to lymph nodes.

• Stage IVA : Cancer is any size and has spread to tissue just outside the thyroid.Cancer has spread to lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck or between the lungs.

• Stage IVB : Cancer has spread to the tissue in front of the spinal column or has surrounded the carotid artery or the blood vessels in the area between the lungs.Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

• Stage IVC : Cancer is any size and has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and the bones.Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

The Stages of Medullary Thyroid Cancer for All Ages

• Stage 0 : There is no cancer found in the thyroid.
• Stage I : Cancer is found only in the thyroid.Cancer is 2 centimeters or smaller.
• Stage II : Cancer is found only in the thyroid.Cancer is larger than 2 centimeters or cancer has spread to tissues just outside the thyroid, but not to lymph nodes.
• Stage III : Cancer is any size and has spread to lymph nodes near the trachea and the larynx.Cancer may have spread to tissues just outside the thyroid.
• Stage IVA : Cancer is any size and has spread to tissue just outside the thyroid.Cancer has spread to lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck or between the lungs.
• Stage IVB : Cancer has spread to the tissue in front of the spinal column or has surrounded the carotid artery or the blood vessels in the area between the lungs.Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.
• Stage IVC : Cancer is any size and has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and the bones.Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer is considered in Stage IV

Anaplastic thyroid cancer grows rapidly.It usually spread within the neck when it is found.

• Stage IVA : Cancer is found in the thyroid and may have spread to lymph nodes.
• Stage IVB : Cancer has spread to tissue just outside the thyroid and may have spread to lymph nodes.
• Stage IVC : Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and the bones.Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

TREATMENT OF THYROID CANCER

The Treatments of Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancers in Stage I and Stage II include

• Total or Near-Total Thyroidectomy with or without Radioactive Iodine Therapy.
• Lobectomy or removal of lymph nodes that contain cancer, followed by Hormone Therapy.
• Radioactive Iodine Therapy may be given following surgery.

The Treatments of Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancers in Stage III include

• Total Thyroidectomy
• Radioactive Iodine Therapy or External Radiation Therapy may be given after surgery.

The Treatments of Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancers in Stage IV include

Cancer has spread to lymph nodes can be treated.Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and the bones cannot be treated but can relieve the symptoms and can improve the quality of life.The treatments can be done as follow :

Tumors that take up iodine

• Radioactive Iodine Therapy

Tumors that do not take up iodine

• Hormone Therapy.
• Targeted Therapy with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (sorafenib).
• Surgery by removing cancer from areas where it has spread.
• External-Beam Radiation Therapy.
• A clinical trial of Chemotherapy
• A clinical trial of Targeted Therapy.

The Treatment of Medullary Thyroid Cancer includes

• Total Thyroidectomy if the cancer has not spread to other parts of body.
• Removal of lymph nodes that contain cancer.
• External Radiation Therapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients whose cancer has recurred in the thyroid.
• Targeted Therapy with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (vandetanib) for cancer has spread to other parts of body.
• Chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients whose cancer has spread to other parts of body.

The Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer includes

• Tracheostomy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
• Total Thyroidectomy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients whose cancer has not spread away from the thyroid.
• External Radiation Therapy.
• Chemotherapy
• A clinical trial of Total Thyroidectomy followed by Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy.

The Standard Treatment For Cancer

1. Surgery is to treat thyroid cancer.

• Lobectomy is removal of lobe in which thyroid cancer is found.
• Near-Total Thyroidectomy is removal of all but a very small part of the thyroid.
• Total Thyroidectomy is removal of the whole thyroid.
• Lymphadenectomy is removal of lymph nodes in the neck that contain cancer.

2. Radiation Therapy is a treatment that uses high-energy x-ray or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing.There are two types of radiation therapy.External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer.Internal radiation therapy uses a radiactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer.

3. Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing.

4. Thyroid Hormone Therapy is a treatment that removes hormones or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing.

5. Targeted Therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells.

Drugs for Thyroid Cancer approved by The Food And Drug Administration (FDA)

• Cabozantinib-S-Malate
• Caprelsa (Vandetanib)
• Cometriq (Cabozantinib-S-Malate)
• Doxorubicin Hydrochloride
• Lenvatinib Mesylate
• Lenvima (Lenvatinib Mesylate)
• Nexavar (Sorafenib Tosylate)
• Sorafenib Tosylate
• Vandetanib